1. Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
PSE4U
Mr. MacMillan

2. Review of Biomechanics
The Laws of Motion
1st – Law of Inertia
2nd – Law of Acceleration
3rd – Law of Reaction

3. Types of Motion Linear Rotational Movement in a particular direction
Sprinter accelerating down a track
Rotational
Movement about an axis
What are the three axis’?
Longitudinal, anterio-posterior, horizontal
Ice skater spinning or a gymnastic somersault

4. Linear Motion Acceleration in a straight line Force as a vector
Force as a pull or push of a certain magnitude in a certain direction

5. Rotational Motion
Is comparable to linear motion but the object spins around an axis
Acceleration is angular
Torque is measured rather than force
Moment of inertia
Resistance to rotation
Larger the moment of inertia, the larger the moment of force needed to maintain the same angular acceleration

6. Linear and Rotational Motion
Linear Motion
Rotational Motion
Displacement
Angular Displacement
Velocity
Angular Velocity
Acceleration
Angular Acceleration
Force
Moment of Force (torque)
Mass
Moment of Inertia

7. Ice Skating
The ice-skater begins to spin with arms spread apart then suddenly brings them closer to the body. The end result of tightening up is that the skater’s spin (angular velocity) increases, seemingly miraculously

8. Gymnastics
Following a series of rapid somersaults in a tight position, the gymnast does a forward flip with the body positioned more or less straight. By opening up, the gymnast increases the moment of inertia, thereby resulting in a decrease in angular velocity

9. Diving
After leaving the high diving board, the diver curls tightly and then opens up just before entering the water. By opening up before entry, the diver increases the moment of inertia, thereby slowing down the angular velocity and hopefully ensuring a smooth and safe entry.

10. The Lever Systems
Class I Lever
Class II Lever
Class III Lever

11. The fulcrum (axis) is located between the force (effort) and the resistance (load)
Class I Lever
(e.g. teeter-totter)

12. The resistance is between the fulcrum and the resistance
Class II Lever
(e.g. wheelbarrow)

13. Class III Lever The force is between the fulcrum and the resistance
(e.g. snow shovel)

14. Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis
Stability
Maximum force
Maximum velocity
Impulse
Reaction
Torque
Angular momentum

15. Principle 1:
The lower the centre of mass, the larger the base of support, the closer the centre of mass to the base of support and the greater the mass, the more stability increases.

16. Principle 2:
The production of maximum force requires the use of all possible joint movements that contribute to the task’s objective

17. Principle 3:
The production of maximum velocity requires the use of joints in order – from largest to smallest

18. Principle 4:
The greater the applied impulse, the greater the increase in velocity

19. Principle 5:
Movement usually occurs in the direction opposite that of the applied force

20. Principle 6:
Angular motion is produced by application of force acting at some distance from an axis, that is, by torque

21. Principle 7:
Angular momentum is constant when an athlete or object is free in the air.

22. Free Body Diagrams
Free body diagrams, are a tool for solving problems with multiple forces acting on a single body.
The purpose of a free body diagram is to reduce the complexity of situation for easy analysis. The diagram is used as a starting point to develop a mathematical model of the forces acting on an object.
Below is a picture of a flying jet.

24. Biomechanical Formulae
Force = m a
M = mass
A = acceleration
Acceleration
= (v – u) / t
V = final velocity
U = starting velocity
T = time
Momentum = m v
M = mass
V = velocity
Impulse (N/s)
= Ft = m Δv
Δ v = average velocity
Change in Momentum
= m (V2 – v1)
V2 = final velocity
V1 = initial velocity
Biomechanical Formulae

25. Your Task!
Read pages 230 – 234
Answer Questions on Handout on course website