1. DEDUCTIVE Vs INDUCTIVE
LOGIC
DEDUCTIVE Vs
INDUCTIVE

2. DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach.
We might begin with thinking up a theory about our topic of interest. We then narrow that down into more specific hypotheses that we can test.
We narrow down even further when we collect observations to address the hypotheses. This ultimately leads us to be able to test the hypotheses with specific data -- a confirmation (or not) of our original theories.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING: Deduction deals more with soundness of arguments than "truth".
Given that their premises are true, the conclusions of deductive reasoning must be true.
For instance, if it is true that all dogs are animals, and if it is true that all animals are living things, then it must be true that all dogs are living things

3. Effort in deduction is spent in determining whether arguments are sound.
Many puzzles involve deductive reasoning.
Solve this puzzle below. Explain your solutions.?
a) You are marooned on an island, where there are only liars and truth-tellers. You meet a couple and the husband says, "My wife told me that she is a liar.". Is he a liar or a truth-teller?
A liar of course. No one on the island can claim themselves to be a liar - if they are truth-tellers, it would be a lie, and they cannot lie; conversely, if they are liars, it would be the truth, and they cannot speak the truth. Therefore, his wife could not have told him she is a liar, and therefore he is lying. OR

4. A liar because…If his wife was a liar then she would have told her husband she was a truth-teller.
If his wife was a truth-teller she would have told her husband she was a truth-teller.
If the first had happened and the man was a truth teller, he would have told you she was a truth teller.
If the second had happened and the man was a truth teller, he would have told you she was a truth teller.
If the first had happened and the man was a liar, he would have told you she was a truth teller.
And ditto if the second had happened and the man was a liar.
Clear?
So, do you understand ???????????

5. INDUCTIVE REASONING
Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories
Informally, we sometimes call this a "bottom up" approach (please note that it's "bottom up" and not "bottoms up" which is the kind of thing the bartender says to customers when he's trying to close for the night!).
In inductive reasoning, we begin with specific observations and measures, begin to detect patterns and regularities, formulate some tentative hypotheses that we can explore, and finally end up developing some general conclusions or theories.
Inductive reasoning, by its very nature, is more open-ended and exploratory, especially at the beginning.

6. Inductive reasoning essentially involves generalization.
“NEVER ASSUME ANYTHING…BEWARE OF FAULTY BELIEFS BUILT ON THE SHAKY GROUND OF FAULTY PERCEPTIONS”
Francis Bacon …science should be used to explain the world and the universe.
And, religion should explain faith.
Bacon advocated the SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF REASONING (Inductive reasoning…Inductive reasoning is also called scientific reasoning)
LOGIC…the way we think…has been divided into two forms of reasoning INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING.
Inductive reasoning essentially involves generalization.
After observing a number of examples, conclusions are drawn which seem most likely.
For example, after drawing 30 marbles from a bag, all of which are green, the conclusion is drawn that all marbles in that bag are green. Note that inductive conclusion may very well be wrong.

7. Inductive reasoning…another example
Honey bee hives are dying all across the country. This is an actual fact. What is killing them?
I observe that five hundred of these hives have varroa mites. However, the other five hundred hives do not have mites.
I observe, in my very scientific way, that hives with mites usually die in a year, but hives without mites live.
I conclude that varroa mites are killing honey bees.
When an argument claims that the truth of its premises make it likely or probable that its conclusion is also true, it is said to involve inductive reasoning.
SO, Francis Bacon’s SCIENTIFIC METHOD involves OBSERVATION, MEASUREMENT, EXPERIMENTATION, HYPOTHESIS, AND VERIFICATION
Empirical research…knowledge gained through the senses…uses particular observations to arrive at generalizations, e.g. by studying apple trees scholars can induce knowledge about all trees.

8. These two methods of reasoning have a very different "feel" to them when you're conducting research.
Inductive reasoning, by its very nature, is more open-ended and exploratory, especially at the beginning.
Deductive reasoning is more narrow in nature and is concerned with testing or confirming hypotheses. Even though a particular study may look like it's purely deductive (e.g., an experiment designed to test the hypothesized effects of some treatment on some outcome), most social research involves both inductive and deductive reasoning processes at some time in the project.