1. Sizes of Currently Available Produce May Significantly Affect Nutrient Intake Assessment. Joannie Dobbs, Ph.D., CNS C. Alan Titchenal, PhD, CNS Wing Shan Tam, and Lauren Hong Human Nutrition, Food & Animal Sciences

2. Introduction: Nutrient databases are essential tools in: Clinical research Dietary guidance Food labeling Epidemiology Nutritional Status Risk Factors.

3. CNA Uses Research –Clinical –Epidemiology Nutrition Education Public Health Recommendations Menu Planning Diet Planning Popular Media Recipes –Cookbooks –Food Columns Culinary –Restaurants –Food Labeling –Purchasing

4. Objective: To determine if advances in agricultural practice (i.e. changes in produce weights) may lead to significant errors in the estimation of nutrient intake and other computer nutrient analysis (CNA) applications.

5. Methods and Materials : --5 major supermarkets in Honolulu -- Subset of most commonly consumed fruits and vegetables in the U.S. -- the largest -- the smallest -- 1 to 3 median-sized -- Weights were measured and compared to USDA SR16-1 database.

6. Example of Sampling Technique - Tomatoes

7. Results : Small ---Honolulu to USDA SR16-1 Large ---Honolulu to USDA SR16-1 Median ---Honolulu to Medium USDA SR16-1 Comparisons of Energy Content Differences

8. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Grams 8 9 21 Apples (multiple varieties)

9. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Avocados (Haas variety) Grams 4

10. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Bananas (Dole) Grams 4 5 16

11. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Grapefruit Grams 5 5 5

12. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Kiwi Fruits Grams 5 5 5

13. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Tangerine Grams 4 4 4

14. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Papayas Grams 5 5 5

15. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Navel Oranges Grams 5 5 5

16. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Green Bell Pepper Grams 7 7 11

17. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Carrots Grams 5 5 10

18. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Cucumbers Grams 5 5 5

19. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Japanese Cucumbers Grams 7 7 11

20. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Garlic Cloves Grams 9

21. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Button Mushrooms Grams 5 5 5

22. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Red Onions Grams 1 1 3

23. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Yellow Onions Grams 7 7 11

24. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database White Onions Grams 2 2 6

25. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Red Potatoes Grams 8 8 14

26. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Russet Potatoes Grams 3 3 5

27. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Zucchini Squash Grams 5 5 5

28. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Tomatoes Grams 3 3 5

29. Edible Portion Comparisons of Hawaii Store-bought versus USDA-SR16-1 Database Roma Tomatoes (Plumb Tomatoes) Grams 4 4 5

30. Difference in Energy Content between Honolulu Median and USDA SR16-1 Medium Fruit

31. Difference in Energy Content between Honolulu Median and USDA SR16-1 Medium Vegetables

32. USDA Medium Apple (138 g)

33. Honolulu Median Apple (230 g)

34. USDA Medium Apple (138 g)

35. Honolulu Median Apple (230 g)

36. Study Limitations Limited Locale (Honolulu) Limited Sample Number Single Season Based on Visual Judgment rather than weights of all (reflects consumer)

37. Significance/So What: Assuming market produce is similar in size to database values can lead to significant –Underestimation or overestimation of energy, nutrient, and phytochemicals consumed Potential error due to produce size differences may affect correctness in –Individual Nutrient Recommendations –Public Health Nutrient Recommendations –Evaluation of Epidemiological Data –Errors in Food and Restaurant Labeling

38. Mahalos For their Vision Frederick Hill- Richard Grau - Max Kleiber Partially Funded by HATCH Grant Project No HAW00238-H