1. Lab 2: Hominid Anatomy Key features to know Modified from www.iupui.edu

3. Lab Materials Skeletal Changes In Human Evolution The earliest humans evolved in a parallel track with other primates. To understand the anatomical differences from an paleoanthropological perspective, you have to look at the fossils. You also have to understand some basic skeletal anatomy. This discussion section should help you recognize and understand major features and changes as apparent from the skulls. In section, you can handle skull casts of some of the non-human primates and some of the fossil hominids. You'll also have a simple classification exercise based on the skeletal features. The list of terms below is certainly not a complete list of all the anatomical comparisons, but you should know what they mean and where possible, you should look at each specimen so you have a better understanding. In class, you’ll look at parts 1-2 of the recent video series Ape Man which clearly shows the relationships and development of human evolution and anatomy. A book of the same title is also available. The terms listed below will all be explained in the class demonstrations and hands- on activities. Try to note what each term means and how the characteristics changed as our species evolved.

4. Terms to know Locomotion Bipedal locomotion Upright posture Stride Great toe The Hand Brachiation Opposable thumb Precision Grip Power Grip The Skull For an excellent web presentation and tutorial on the human (H.s.s.) skull, visit the Skull Module from the Department of Anthropology at CSU-Chico (http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/Module/skull. html. Skull Modulehttp://www.csuchico.edu/anth/Module/skull. html Crests (saggital, occipital) Foreman magnum Dental Arcade/Arch Y-5 Cusp pattern Supraorbital torus Zygomatic arch Mandible Vaulted forehead Cranial capacity Binocular vision Diastema Try to understand the relationship between these elements in terms of the trends for evolutionary change.

5. Erect posture Shape of spinal column

6. Skeletal implications of bipedalism Location of foramen magnum

7. Bipedal Locomotion Laetoli Footprints Chimp and human foot

8. Femurs of upright walkers and ape Leg of ape Quadrupedal animals like apes, have femurs in which the ball joint, the part that joins the pelvis, sits directly over the inside of the knee. The angle subtended by the femur at the knee in quadrupedal walkers is less than that of bipedal walkers. Leg of Australopithecus afarensis This diagram shows the femur with the same shape and structure as that of modern humans, but it is a little shorter. It subtends the same angle at the knee as that of a modern human and the inner bump of the knee joint is larger than the outer one. This shows that this hominin was also a bipedal walker. Leg of modern human This modern Homo sapiens bone shows the structure of the femur of an upright walker or bipedal animal. The ball joint, the part that joins the pelvis, sits directly over the outside of the knee. The angle subtended by the femur at the knee in bipedal walkers is greater than that of quadrupedal walkers. This results in the inner bump of the knee joint being longer than the outer bump.

9. Skeletal implications of bipedalism Pelvis, femur feet

10. Skeletal implications of bipedalism Knock-kneed walk Chimp vs. A. afarensis

11. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 245 Pongid Prognathism. (Line of greatest muscle force is shown in red.)

12. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 245 Satittal crests and temporal muscle orientations. Hominid compared to pongid. (Line of greatest muscle force is shown in red.)

13. Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 389 Human and Ape Brains

14. The brains develop in... size complexity the ratio of brain weight to overall body weight

15. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 234 Cranial Capacity

16. Cranial Capacity & Vaulted Forehead Homo erectus Australopithecus afarensis Homo (sapiens?) neandthalensis Homo sapiens sapiens

17. Teeth / Dental Arcade

18. Apes (and monkeys) still possess conical, dagger-like canines which project well beyond the surface of the opposite teeth. The gap is a diastema. Monkey & Ape Canines

19. Teeth of a male patas monkey. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 231

20. plus-4 Y-5 Molar Cusp Patterns

21. Example of early hominid fossil Y-5 cusp pattern molars

22. Dental formulae Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 125

23. Changes in dental arcade Modern Chimp Modern homo sapiens 100,000 ya to now Homo erectus 500,000 - 300,000 y Australopithecus africanus,2.8 - 2.3 mya Proconsul heseloni 19 - 17 mya

24. Crests and other muscle attachments

25. zygomatic arch

26. Mandible and chewing Muscle attachments

27. Some Important Skull Features

28. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 510 Modern human cranium.

29. For a nearly complete look at skulls, click on the image above for the Australian National Museum’s web site.

30. Be sure to look at Becoming Human, the Institute for Human Origins broadband documentary and web site.