1. Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias Executive Secretary, Convention on Biological Diversity Food security, access and benefit sharing and the role of the Nagoya Protocol École internationale d'été sur la sécurité alimentaire Université Laval, Québec, 16 May 2014

2. Overview Challenges facing food and agriculture Challenges facing food and agriculture Biodiversity as a solution Biodiversity as a solution Some recent global initiatives Some recent global initiatives The contribution of genetic resources to achieving sustainable food security The contribution of genetic resources to achieving sustainable food security The role of access and benefit sharing in the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources The role of access and benefit sharing in the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources The contribution of the CBD and the Nagoya Protocol The contribution of the CBD and the Nagoya Protocol

3. Challenges facing food security – Competition for land and water – Increasing variation in water availability (and extremes of drought and flood) – Declining ecosystem services in food production landscapes Soil services, including Soil services, including – loss of soil – Water availability and cycling in soils – Nutrient cycling – Soil organic carbon Pollinators Pollinators Disease and pest regulation Disease and pest regulation Water availability and cycling Water availability and cycling – Conflicts between large-scale (commodity) agriculture and diverse small-scale agriculture – Over reliance on a narrowing food base – Increasing off-farm impacts Water use Water use Water quality Water quality Greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gas emissions Soil erosion and sedimentation Soil erosion and sedimentation Depletion of biological resources in natural ecosystems Depletion of biological resources in natural ecosystems – Declining genetic resources for food and agriculture

4. Biodiversity solutions for sustainable agriculture and food and nutrition security Biodiversity is a solution for Biodiversity is a solution for – increased resilience of food systems – achieving increased sustainable productivity especially for small-scale farming especially for small-scale farming – benefiting farming whilst simultaneously reducing off-farm impacts – improved healthy diets and nutrition The agriculture-environment relationship The agriculture-environment relationship moving from “conflict” → mutually supporting solu tions

5. Some recent initiatives Bridging Agriculture and Conservation Initiative – July 2013, 16 global leaders, spanning agriculture, conservation, private sector and public – commit to finding, communicating and advocating for new solutions FAO New Strategic Framework – Biodiversity plays a critical role in underpinning all five objectives: Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition Make agriculture, forestry and fisheries more productive and sustainable Reduce rural poverty Enable inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems Increase the resilience of livelihoods to disasters

6. Promoting climate smart agriculture (save and grow paradigm). Integrated approaches to efficient resources use. Management of biodiversity and ecosystem services in relation to food and agriculture. Blue Growth – sustainable fisheries and aquaculture development integrated to forestry and agriculture. Tools for building sustainability in food production. Some areas for proposed implementation of the FAO New Strategic Framework:

7. Global assessments of agricultural biodiversity: 2014-2015 Second Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 2016-2017 The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources Assessment of the implementation of the Second Global Plan of Action for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 2018-2019 Review of implementation of the Global Plan of Action for the Conservation, Sustainable Use and Development of Forest Genetic Resources 2020-2021 Third Report on the State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) Review of implementation of the Global Plan of Action on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

8. The contribution of genetic resources to sustainable food security Direct use as food: Direct use as food: – A treasure chest of materials of current and potential use For sustaining diverse food systems For sustaining diverse food systems As a source of genetic material for future foods As a source of genetic material for future foods – E.g. needs in response to climate change Indirectly supporting agriculture: Indirectly supporting agriculture: – Supporting ecosystem services, e.g: Pollinators Pollinators – Reversing decline improves resilience, productivity and crop diversity – Significant economic benefits for farmers Pest and disease regulation Pest and disease regulation – Integrated pest management – Reducing stressors on crops and livestock (e.g. healthier soils) = improved resistance to disease Water, carbon and nutrient cycling Water, carbon and nutrient cycling Biodiversity for nutrition security Biodiversity for nutrition security – Diverse and nutritious diets We need to talk about food and nutrition security We need to talk about food and nutrition security

9. Genetic resources, local communities and traditional knowledge The majority of genetic resources are in the stewardship of local and indigenous farmers and communities – - that is, in situ Local knowledge of genetic resources is critically important – Including knowledge of farming practices – Enables continued evolution of farming systems and adaptation of crops/livestock to changing environmental and economic conditions

10. The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011-2020) and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets Adopted at CBD COP-10 (Nagoya, 2010) Adopted at CBD COP-10 (Nagoya, 2010) – Framework for action for all MEAs and the UN-System (also adopted by major partners; e.g. IUCN) VISION: VISION: – a world of "Living in harmony with nature" where "By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people” MISSION: MISSION: – take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services, thereby securing the planet’s variety of life, and contributing to human well-being, and poverty eradication

11. Some targets relevant to food and agriculture Aichi Targets -by 2020: Target 3: Re-align incentives and subsidies Target 3: Re-align incentives and subsidies Target 4: Achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption Target 4: Achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption fish and invertebrate stocks harvested sustainably Target 6: All fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and harvested sustainably Target 7: Areas under agriculture (and aquaculture and forestry) are managed sustainably Target 7: Areas under agriculture (and aquaculture and forestry) are managed sustainably Target 8: Pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity Target 8: Pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity Target 13: Genetic diversity maintained and strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding genetic diversity Target 13: Genetic diversity maintained and strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding genetic diversity Target 14: Ecosystems that provide essential services restored and safeguarded Target 14: Ecosystems that provide essential services restored and safeguarded Target 15: Ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been enhanced, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and combating desertification. Target 15: Ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been enhanced, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and combating desertification. Target 16: By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational, consistent with national legislation. Target 16: By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational, consistent with national legislation. Target 18: Traditional knowledge, innovations and practices and customary use of biological resources, respected and fully integrated and reflected in implementation Target 18: Traditional knowledge, innovations and practices and customary use of biological resources, respected and fully integrated and reflected in implementation

12. Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (2011-2020) All targets are relevant Examples: Target 2: An assessment of the conservation status of all known plant species, as far as possible, to guide conservation action Target 7: At least 75 per cent of known threatened plant species conserved in situ. Target 9: 70 per cent of the genetic diversity of crops including their wild relatives and other socio-economically valuable plant species conserved, while respecting, preserving and maintaining associated indigenous and local knowledge

13. Access and benefit sharing (ABS) The third objective of the Convention on Biological Diversity: “The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding”

14. Objective: Access to genetic resources Fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from their utilization in exchange for The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing The Nagoya Protocol aims at providing a legal framework that creates clarity, transparency and legal certainty for the equity relationship of the CBD

15. ABS & sustainable development ABS can help: Increase knowledge of value of natural resources Create incentives for conserving biodiversity Provide conditions for research & development on genetic resources Respect, preserve and maintain traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources Nagoya protocol was adopted at COP 10 in Nagoya Japan “The Future We Want” (Rio+20 outcome document) Reiterates commitment to three objectives of CBD (para. 198) Acknowledges role of ABS in contributing to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, poverty eradication and environmental sustainability (para. 199)

16. The ABC of the Nagoya Protocol A ccess - users seeking access to genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge must: Get permission from the provider country (known as prior informed consent or PIC) Article 6 B enefit-sharing - provider and user must: Negotiate an agreement to share benefits resulting from the use of a genetic resource and associated traditional knowledge (known as mutually agreed terms or MAT) Article 5 C ompliance – Nagoya Protocol creates obligations to: Comply with national ABS legislation and mutually agreed terms (articles 15,16,17,18) Monitor the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge (checkpoints)  Internationally recognized certificate of compliance

17. Nagoya Protocol – Status of signature, and ratification, acceptance, approval or accession As of 1May 2014 CBD Parties that have ratified or acceded to the Protocol: 34 Parties that signed Protocol by closing date for signature (1 Feb 2012) Parties that did not sign and have not yet acceded to the Protocol Countries that are not Parties to the CBD * DISCLAIMER: The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

18. Summary Genetic Resources are essential in order to achieve sustainable food and nutrition security Access and benefit sharing is an objective of the CBD – alongside conservation and sustainable use The Nagoya Protocol of the CBD creates the conditions for fair and equitable ABS – and therefore incentives for conservation and sustainable use of GR and associated TK Consistent and in harmony with and supports related legislation, including national, and other related treaties (e.g. the ITPGRFA) Is a contribution to sustainable development

19. Obrigado Thank You