1. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 Development and evaluation of a driver coaching function for electric vehicles Dr. Marcus SCHMITZ Vienna, 05.06.2014

2. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 Introduction 2

3. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 3 Eco-driving approaches Feedback mode - Visual (e.g. screen, HUD) - Haptic (e.g. active acceleration pedal) - Acoustic - eACC Feedback timing - Before trip (e.g. tips for efficient driving) - During trip (e.g. information on current consumption) - After trip (e.g. information on total consumption, costs) Implementation - Integrated - Mobile device Functionality - General feedback - Context-sensitive/situation-adaptive feedback Content of feedback - Recommendations for efficient driving - Feedback on actual driving efficiency - Presentation of efficient route

4. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 Integrated approach with visual icons via head-up display Real-time feedback during trip Situation specific advices -> possibility to change driving behavior immediately Possibility of advice free driving -> reducing workload and distraction Considering safety critical aspects of driving Specific advices for electric vehicles 4 eFuture ”Driver coaching function”

5. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 5 Real-time driver coaching Coaching advices 1. Acceleration behavior 2. Legal speed limit 3. Speed behavior when approaching curves 4. Achieving new target speed 5. Speed behavior when approaching downhill sections 6. Car following Optimal behaviorActual behavior Evaluation Surrounding traffic Traffic signs/rules Topography Energy consumption

6. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 Evaluation study 6

7. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 Research questions –Is there an significant impact of the specific real-time coaching on energy consumption (in comparison to unspecific coaching or sole verbal instruction)? –Does the specific real-time coaching change the driving behavior? –How do drivers evaluate the acceptance of specific real-time coaching? 7 Evaluation study

8. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 Study design 8 Evaluation study Experimental Condition BaselineEco-drive Specific real-time advices BAS (no instruction) COA (verbal instructions + specific real-time advices) Consumption scale BAS (no instruction) SKA (verbal instructions + consumption scale) Verbal instruction BAS (no instruction) VER (verbal instructions only)

9. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 Coaching approaches 9 Coaching advices - COAConsumption scale - SKAVerbal instruction - VER Omit hard accelerating Do not exceed the current legal speed limit Keep constant speed while negotiating a curve Decelerate by means of the electric brake Try to omit hydraulic braking by means of anticipatory driving Sail over hilltops / sail when driving downhill in order to gain speed Keep a sufficient distance to leading vehicles in order to omit velocity fluctuations

10. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 Simulator –WIVW Driving simulator  Electric vehicle model with combined pedal solution  Measurement of energy consumption, acceptance/usability, and driving behavior –Specific advices and consumption scale via head-up display 10

11. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 Track & sample Track –15 km test track including several changes of speed limit, sharp curves, in-/declines, car following, and intersections Sample –N = 30 (16 women, 14 men) –Age: m = 33 years (sd = 14 years) 11

12. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 Results 12

13. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 13 Results – Energy consumption Baseline: no difference between groups Each method reduced significantly energy consumption No difference regarding energy consumption between feedback conditions F(2, 27) = 1.83, p =.180 Energy consumption

14. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 14 Results – Driving behaviour F(2, 27) = 3.94, p =.032 F(2, 27) = 5.85, p =.008 VelocityPositive acceleration

15. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 15 Results – Driving behaviour F(2, 27) = 2.86, p =.075 F(2, 27) = 2.46, p =.105 DecelerationSailing

16. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 16 Results – Acceptance Drivers assessed specific online coaching to be helpful Subjective improvement of driving style and efficiency Advices were rated to be –not frustrating –not disturbing –not distracting –quite motivating –understandable Drivers criticised velocity advice to be too restrictive Need to increase accuracy of the recuperation advice as participants sometimes reached the according velocity too early or too late.

17. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 Conclusions 17

18. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 Real-time feedback is acceptable and seen as more effective than the verbal instructions No difference regarding energy consumption between feedback groups Feedback type has significant impact on driving style -> Recommendation for specific real-time feedback Long-term usage studies have to show impact on familiar and unfamiliar routes Further studies have to show which advices can be replaced by the active accelerator pedal  workload reduction Drivers ask for more information about saved energy/saved miles 18 Conclusion

19. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 Many thanks! Würzburger Institut für Verkehrswissenschaften GmbH (WIVW) Robert-Bosch-Str. 4 97209 Veitshöchheim Tel.: +49-(0)931-78009-116 Fax: +49-(0)931-78009150 e-mail: info@wivw.de Dr. Marcus SCHMITZ Dipl.-Psych. Monika JAGIELLOWICZ Dipl.-Ing. Michael HANIG Cand.-Psych. Thomas HAMMER

20. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 20 Results – Subjective data

21. HUMANIST 2014 – Vienna – 05.06.2014 21 Results - Workload