1. Risk Structure of Long-Term Bonds in the United States
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2. Increase in Default Risk on Corporate Bonds
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4. 1. Riskier corporate bonds Dc , Dc shifts left
Corporate Bond Market
1. Riskier corporate bonds Dc , Dc shifts left
2. Less liquid corporate bonds Dc , Dc shifts left
3. Pc , ic 
Treasury Bond Market
1. Relatively more liquid Treasury bonds, DT , DT shifts
right
2. PT , iT 
Outcome:
Risk premium, ic – iT, rises
Risk premium reflects not only corporate bonds’ default risk, but also lower liquidity
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5. Tax Advantages of Municipal Bonds
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6. Term Structure: Facts to be Explained
1. Interest rates for different maturities move together over time
2. Yield curves tend to have steep upward slope when short rates are low and downward slope when short rates are high
3. Yield curve is typically upward sloping
Theories of Term Structure
Expectations Theory
Expectations Theory explains 1 and 2, but not 3
Segmented Markets Theory
Segmented Markets explains 3, but not 1 and 2
Liquidity Premium (Preferred Habitat) Theory
Combines features of Expectations Theory and Segmented Markets Theory to get Liquidity Premium (Preferred Habitat) Theory and explains all facts

7. Interest Rates on Different Maturity Bonds Move Together
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9. Expectations Hypothesis
Key Assumption: Bonds of different maturities are perfect substitutes
Implication: RETe on bonds of different maturities are equal
Investment strategies for two-period horizon
1. Buy $1 of one-year bond and when it matures buy another one-year bond
2. Buy $1 of two-year bond and hold it
Expected return from 1 = Expected return from 2
(1 + it)(1 + iet+1) = (1 + i2t)2
1 + it + iet+1+ it iet+1 = i2t + i2t2
i2t = (it + iet+1) / 2
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10. More generally for n-period bond:
it + iet+1 + iet iet+(n–1)
int = n
In words: Interest rate on long bond = average short rates now and those expected to occur over the life of long bond
Numerical example:
One-year interest rate now and expected over the next five years:
5%, 6%, 7%, 8% and 9%:
Interest rate on two-year bond:
(5% + 6%)/2 = 5.5%
Interest rate for five-year bond:
(5% + 6% + 7% + 8% + 9%)/5 = 7%
Interest rate for one to five year bonds:
5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5% and 7%.

11. Expectations Hypothesis and Term Structure Facts
Explains why yield curve has different slopes:
1. When short rates are expected to rise in future, average of future short rates = int is above today’s short rate yield curve is upward sloping
2. When short rates are expected to stay same in future, average of future short rates are same as today’s  yield curve is flat
3. When short rates are expected to fall yield curve is downward sloping
Expectations Hypothesis explains Fact 1: short rates and long rates move together
If short rate rises are persistent
it  today, iet+1, iet+2 etc.   average of future rates   int 
Therefore: it   int , i.e., short and long rates move together
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12. Expectations Hypothesis explains Fact 2: yield curves tend to have steep slope when short rates are low and downward slope when short rates are high
When short rates are “low”, they are expected to rise to normal level.
Long rate (= average of future short rates) will be well above today’s short rate  yield curve will have steep upward slope
When short rates are high, they are expected to fall to normal. Long rate (= average of future short rates) will be below current short rate  yield curve will have downward slope
But the expectations hypothesis doesn’t explain Fact 3: the yield curve usually has upward slope
Short rates are as likely to fall in the future as to rise
Average of future short rates should not be higher than current short rate
Yield curve should not usually slope upward
On average, yield curve should be flat
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13. Segmented Markets Theory
Key Assumption: Bonds of different maturities are not substitutes
Implication:
Markets are completely segmented
Interest rate at each maturity is determined separately
Explains Fact 3: yield curve is usually upward sloping
People typically prefer short holding periods and thus have higher demand for short-term bonds, which have higher price and lower interest rates than long bonds
Does not explain Facts 1 or 2: segmented market theory assumes long and short rates separately determined
Rates shouldn’t move together
Yield curve shouldn’t slope steeply upward when short rate is low.
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14. Liquidity Premium (Preferred Habitat) Theory
Key Assumption: Bonds of different maturities are substitutes, but are not perfect substitutes
Modifies Expectations Theory with Segmented Markets Theory: Investors prefer short bonds to long bonds
 must be paid liquidity (term) premium, lnt, to hold long bonds
Results in following modification of Expectations Theory
it + iet+1 + iet iet+(n–1)
int = lnt n
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15. Relationship Between the Liquidity Premium (Preferred Habitat) and Expectations Theories
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16. Numerical Example
1. One-year interest rate now and expected over the next five years: 5%, 6%, 7%, 8% and 9%
2. Investors’ preferences for holding short-term bonds  liquidity premiums for one to five-year bonds:
0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%.
Interest rate on the two-year bond:
(5% + 6%)/ % = 5.75%
Interest rate on the five-year bond:
(5% + 6% + 7% + 8% + 9%)/ % = 8%
Interest rates on one to five-year bonds:
5%, 5.75%, 6.5%, 7.25% and 8%.
Compared to yield curves for the expectations theory, liquidity premium (preferred habitat) theories produce yield curves that are more steeply upward sloped explains all facts
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17. Market Predictions of Future Short Rates
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18. Interpreting Yield Curves 1980–2000
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