1. Using UML, Patterns, and Java Object-Oriented Software Engineering Art for Chapter 9, Specifying Interfaces

2. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 2 Figure 9-1, the class implementor, the class extender, and the class user role. Developer Call Class Class Extender Class Implementor Class User Realize Class Refine Class

3. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 3 Figure 9-2, ARENA Game abstract class with user classes and extender classes. GameTicTacToeChess LeagueTournament 1 *

4. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 4 Figure 9-3, Declaration for the Tournament class. public class Tournament { private int maxNumPlayers; /* Other fields omitted */ public Tournament(League l, int maxNumPlayers) public int getMaxNumPlayers() {…}; public List getPlayers() {…}; public void acceptPlayer(Player p) {…}; public void removePlayer(Player p) {…}; public boolean isPlayerAccepted(Player p) {…}; /* Other methods omitted */ } Tournament -maxNumPlayers: int +acceptPlayer(p:Player) +removePlayer(p:Player) +getMaxNumPlayers():int +getPlayers(): List +isPlayerAccepted(p:Player):boolean

5. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 5 Figure 9-4, Examples of invariants, preconditions, and postconditions in OCL attached as notes to the UML model. Tournament +acceptPlayer(p:Player) +removePlayer(p:Player) +getMaxNumPlayers():int -maxNumPlayers: int +isPlayerAccepted(p:Player):boolean «precondition» getNumPlayers() < getMaxNumPlayers() «precondition» !isPlayerAccepted(p) «precondition» isPlayerAccepted(p) «postcondition» isPlayerAccepted(p) «postcondition» !isPlayerAccepted(p) «invariant» getMaxNumPlayers() > 0 +getNumPlayers():int

6. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 6 Tournament invariant context Tournament inv: self.getMaxNumPlayers() > 0

7. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 7 Tournament.acceptPlayer contract context Tournament::acceptPlayer(p) pre: not isPlayerAccepted(p) context Tournament::acceptPlayer(p) pre: getNumPlayers() < getMaxNumPlayers() context Tournament::acceptPlayer(p) post: isPlayerAccepted(p) context Tournament::acceptPlayer(p) post: getNumPlayers() = @pre.getNumPlayers() + 1

8. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 8 Tournament.removePlayer contract context Tournament::removePlayer(p) pre: isPlayerAccepted(p) context Tournament::removePlayer(p) post: not isPlayerAccepted(p) context Tournament::removePlayer(p) post: getNumPlayers() = @pre.getNumPlayers() - 1

9. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 9 Figure 9-5, Method declarations for the Tournament class annotated with preconditions, postconditions, and invariants public class Tournament { /** The maximum number of players * is positive at all times. * @invariant maxNumPlayers > 0 */ private int maxNumPlayers; /** The players List contains * references to Players who are * are registered with the * Tournament. */ private List players; /** Returns the current number of * players in the tournament. */ public int getNumPlayers() {…} /** Returns the maximum number of * players in the tournament. */ public int getMaxNumPlayers() {…} /** The acceptPlayer() operation * assumes that the specified * player has not been accepted * in the Tournament yet. * @pre !isPlayerAccepted(p) * @pre getNumPlayers()<maxNumPlayers * @post isPlayerAccepted(p) * @post getNumPlayers() = * @pre.getNumPlayers() + 1 */ public void acceptPlayer (Player p) {…} /** The removePlayer() operation * assumes that the specified player * is currently in the Tournament. * @pre isPlayerAccepted(p) * @post !isPlayerAccepted(p) * @post getNumPlayers() = @pre.getNumPlayers() - 1 */ public void removePlayer(Player p) {…} }

10. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 10 Figure 9-6, Associations among League, Tournament, and Player classes in ARENA. players *tournaments {ordered} Tournament +start:Date +end:Date +acceptPlayer(p:Player) * League +start:Date +end:Date +getActivePlayers() * Player +name:String +email:String *players tournaments*

11. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 11 Figure 9-7, Example situation with two Leagues, two Tournaments, and five Players. alice:Player bob:Player marc:Playerwinter:TournamenttttExpert:Leaguejoe:Playerxmas:TournamentchessNovice:League start=Dec 21 end=Dec 22 start=Dec 23 end=Dec 25 zoe:Player

12. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 12 Figure 9-8, There are only three basic types of navigation. Any OCL constraint can be built using a combination of these three types. Tournament start:Date end:Date LeaguePlayerTournamentLeague 1. Local attribute2. Directly related class3. Indirectly related class * * * * Player *

13. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 13 Examples of constraints using each type of navigation 1. Local attribute context Tournament inv: end - start <= Calendar.WEEK 2. Directly related class context Tournament::acceptPlayer(p) pre: league.players->includes(p) 3. Indirectly related class context League::getActivePlayers post: result = tournaments.players->asSet

14. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 14 OCL forall quantifier /* All Matches in a Tournament occur within the Tournament’s time frame */ context Tournament inv: matches->forAll(m:Match | m.start.after(t.start) and m.end.before(t.end))

15. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 15 OCL exists quantifier /* Each Tournament conducts at least one Match on the first day of the Tournament */ context Tournament inv: matches->exists(m:Match | m.start.equals(start))

16. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 16 Figure 9-9, Analysis objects of ARENA identified during the analysis of Announce Tournament use case. TournamentControl Player players* Tournament name 1 1 applyForTournament() Match playMove() getScore() matches * start status selectSponsors() advertizeTournament() acceptPlayer() announceTournament() start end 1 1 * matches * TournamentForm * * acceptPlayer() removePlayer() schedule() Advertiser sponsors* * * * *

17. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 17 Figure 9-10, a sequence diagram for the applyForTournament() operation. t:Tournament:TournamentControl:Player applyForTournament(p) getStartDate() getTournaments() tournaments p:Player getEndDate() isPlayerOverbooked(p) :TournamentForm

18. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 18 Figure 9-11, Adding type information to the object model of ARENA. TournamentControl Player players* Tournament 1 1 +applyForTournament() Match +playMove(p,m) +getScore():Map matches * +start:Date +status:MatchStatus +name:String +start:Date +end:Date 1 1 * matches* TournamentForm * * +acceptPlayer(p) +removePlayer(p) +schedule() Advertiser sponsors* * * * * +selectSponsors(advertisers):List +advertizeTournament() +acceptPlayer(p) +announceTournament() +isPlayerOverbooked():boolean

19. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 19 Pre- and post-conditions for ordering operations on TournamentControl context TournamentControl::selectSponsors(advertisers) pre: interestedSponsors->notEmpty and tournament.sponsors->isEmpty context TournamentControl::selectSponsors(advertisers) post: tournament.sponsors.equals(advertisers) context TournamentControl::advertiseTournament() pre: tournament.sponsors->isEmpty and not tournament.advertised context TournamentControl::advertiseTournament() post: tournament.advertised context TournamentControl::acceptPlayer(p) pre: tournament.advertised and interestedPlayers->includes(p) and not isPlayerOverbooked(p) context TournamentControl::acceptPlayer(p) post: tournament.players->includes(p) TournamentControl +selectSponsors(advertisers):List +advertizeTournament() +acceptPlayer(p) +announceTournament() +isPlayerOverbooked():boolean

20. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 20 Specifying invariants on Tournament and Tournament Control  All Matches of in a Tournament must occur within the time frame of the Tournament context Tournament inv: matches->forAll(m| m.start.after(start) and m.start.before(end))  No Player can take part in two or more Tournaments that overlap context TournamentControl inv: tournament.players->forAll(p| p.tournaments->forAll(t| t <> tournament implies not t.overlap(tournament)))

21. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 21 Specifying invariants on Match  A match can only involve players who are accepted in the tournament context Match inv: players->forAll(p| p.tournaments->exists(t| t.matches->includes(self))) context Match inv: players.tournaments.matches.includes(self) Player players * Tournament Match matches * * tournaments players *

22. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 22 Figure 9-13, A simple example of contract inheritance: An invariant specified in a superclass must hold for all of its subclasses. User PlayerAdvertiserLeagueOwnerSpectator notify()email:String «invariant» email <> nil

23. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 23 Figure 9-14, Embedded ODD approach. Class stubs are generated from the object design model. RAD Document analysis Analysis Analysis model Object design Initial object design model Generate class stubs Initial class stubs ODD Document object design System design Implementation Commented code Subsystem decomposition Design goals

24. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 24 Figure 9-16, new Round class and changes in the TournamentStyle, Tournament, and Round APIs. Player players * name:String email:String TournamentMatch playMove(Player,Move) getMoves():List matches * start score status acceptPlayer() removePlayer() plan() name start end 1 * tournaments players * TournamentStyle Round League * * notify(Player,Message) getMatches(Tournament) 1 {ordered} plan() getPreviousRound():Round isPlanned():boolean isCompleted():boolean getTournamentStyle() :TournamentStyle planRounds(Tournament) legalNumPlayers(n:int) :boolean :List

25. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 25 Constraints on TournamentStyle  Only tournaments without rounds and with the right number of players can be planned. context TournamentStyle::planRounds(t:Tournament) pre: t <> nil and t.rounds = nil and legalNumPlayers(t)->contains(t.players->size)  All players are assigned to at least one match context TournamentStyle::planRounds(t:Tournament) post: t.getPlayers()->forAll(p| p.getMatches(tournament)->notEmpty) context TournamentStyle::planRounds(t:Tournament) post: result->forAll(r1,r2| r1<>r2 implies r1.getEndDate().before(r2.getStartDate()) or r1.getStartDate().after(r2.getEndDate())

26. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 26 Invariant on Round  A player cannot be assigned to more than one match per round context Round inv: matches->forAll(m1:Match| m1.players->forAll(p:Player| p.matches->forAll(m2:Match| m1 <> m2 implies m1.round <> m2.round)))

27. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 27 Constraints on Round.plan()  Invoking plan() on a Round whose previous Round is completed results in a planned Round context Round.plan() post: @pre.getPreviousRound().isCompleted() implies isPlanned()  A round is planned if all matches have players assigned to them context Round.isPlanned() post: result implies matches->forAll(m| m.players->size = tournament.league.game.numPlayersPerMatch)  A round is completed if all of its matches are completed. context Round.isCompleted() post: result implies matches->forAll(m| m.winner <> nil)

28. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 28 Constraints on KnockOutStyle  The number of players should be a power of two. context KnockOutStyle::legalNumPlayers(t:Tournament) post: result Sequence[2..t.maxNumPlayers]->select(elem| floor(log(elem)/log(2)) = (log(elem)/log(2)))  The number of matches in a round is 1 for the last round. Otherwise, the number of matches in a round is exactly twice the number of matches in the subsequent round. context KnockOutStyle::planRounds(t:Tournament) post: result->forAll(index:Integer| if (index = result->size) then result->at(index).matches->size = 1 else result->at(index).matches->size = (2*result->at(index+1).matches->size)) endif)

29. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 29 Constraints on KnockOutRound  A player can play in a round only if it is the first round or if it is the winner of a previous round. context KnockOutRound inv: previousRound = nil or matches.players->forAll(p| round.previousRound.matches->exists(m| m.winner = p))  If the previous round is not completed, this round cannot be planned. context KockOutRound::plan() post: not self@pre.getPreviousRound().isCompleted() implies not isPlanned()