1. Greece

2. Thursday September 11, 2008 Objective: students will explain the 4 different government systems used in Ancient Greece. Students will summarize Alexanders conquests and its influence on future cultures Bell work: Be ready for a quiz over Greek Geography, Athens and Sparta. When you turn in the quiz you will be responsible for being on page 117 in the textbook reviewing the 4 government systems.

3. Monarchy State ruled by a king State ruled by a king Rule is hereditary Rule is hereditary Some rulers claim divine right Some rulers claim divine right Practiced in Mycenae Practiced in Mycenae Earliest form of government in ancient Greece Earliest form of government in ancient Greece One person a king or queen holds the power and makes all political decisions. King has absolute power. One person a king or queen holds the power and makes all political decisions. King has absolute power.

4. Aristocracy State ruled by nobility State ruled by nobility Rule is hereditary and based on land ownership Rule is hereditary and based on land ownership Social status and wealth support rulers’ authority Social status and wealth support rulers’ authority Practiced in Athens Practiced in Athens

5. Oligarchy State ruled by a small group of citizens State ruled by a small group of citizens Rule is based on wealth Rule is based on wealth Ruling group controls military Ruling group controls military Practiced in Sparta Practiced in Sparta

6. Tyranny Tyrant rule – one individual seizes power by force and rules single-handley. Tyrant rule – one individual seizes power by force and rules single-handley. Julius Caesar

7. Direct Democracy State ruled by its citizens State ruled by its citizens Rule is based on citizenship Rule is based on citizenship Majority rule decides vote Majority rule decides vote Practiced in Athens Practiced in Athens

8. Direct Democracy vs Representative Democracy Athens = direct democracy – country is ruled by its citizens which make up the legislature Athens = direct democracy – country is ruled by its citizens which make up the legislature Rule is based upon citizenship Rule is based upon citizenship Majority rule (women denied voting rights) Majority rule (women denied voting rights) United States = representative democracy – citizens elect legislators to represent them United States = representative democracy – citizens elect legislators to represent them Citizenship is based upon birth or naturalization Citizenship is based upon birth or naturalization Women and men have equal rights Women and men have equal rights

9. Athenian democracy resembled American democracy in that a. women took no part in government b. all people had voting rights c. all citizens were allowed to take an active role in government d. states joined together to form a strong central government

10. Geography shapes Greek Life The Sea The Sea Sea connected them with other societies and helped with mixing cultures Sea connected them with other societies and helped with mixing cultures Greece lacked natural resources such as timber, metals, and farmland Greece lacked natural resources such as timber, metals, and farmland The Land The Land Mountains cover ¾ of land Mountains cover ¾ of land Overland trade and political unity difficult because of mountains. Overland trade and political unity difficult because of mountains.

11. Government Government Greeks could not form a single government because of terrain. Greeks could not form a single government because of terrain. Development of individual communities with different types of government (City-states) Development of individual communities with different types of government (City-states)

12. The Arts The Classical Age of Greece – Classical (beautiful simplicity, graceful balance in architecture) and Arts The Classical Age of Greece – Classical (beautiful simplicity, graceful balance in architecture) and Arts Greek Drama and Theatre – Greeks were first to write and perform plays, earliest were tragedies (hero struggles against fate and loses) Greek Drama and Theatre – Greeks were first to write and perform plays, earliest were tragedies (hero struggles against fate and loses) Greek Playwrights – Sophocles – wrote a tragedy called Oedipus Rex Greek Playwrights – Sophocles – wrote a tragedy called Oedipus Rex Olympic Games – religious festival to honor Zeus – all individual events and decorated with olive wreathes Olympic Games – religious festival to honor Zeus – all individual events and decorated with olive wreathes

13. The Greek Mind The Sophists– The Sophists– Philosophers translates to thinkers Philosophers translates to thinkers Professional teachers were Sophists Professional teachers were Sophists Socrates – Socrates – Asked questions of his students and had them clarify their thinking without giving answers Asked questions of his students and had them clarify their thinking without giving answers Plato – Plato – Student of Socrates. Wrote The Republic which discussed ideal society and government. Student of Socrates. Wrote The Republic which discussed ideal society and government. Aristotle – Aristotle – Power should rest with the middle classes. Power should rest with the middle classes. Had a great impact on science. Becomes Alexander the Great’s personal tutor Had a great impact on science. Becomes Alexander the Great’s personal tutor

14. Other Important Philosophers Heredotus – “father of history” because he separated fact from legend and wrote it down Heredotus – “father of history” because he separated fact from legend and wrote it down Pythagoras – Leader in mathematics (theorem) Pythagoras – Leader in mathematics (theorem) Hippocratees – “father of medicine” (oath) Hippocratees – “father of medicine” (oath)

15. Athens One of 2 dominant city-states. One of 2 dominant city-states. Athenians stressed education and the arts for boys. Athenians stressed education and the arts for boys. They studied Illiad, Odyssey, arithmetic, geometry, rhetoric, drawing and music. They studied Illiad, Odyssey, arithmetic, geometry, rhetoric, drawing and music. Girls learned household duties from their mothers – no education Girls learned household duties from their mothers – no education At age 18, all boys were required to serve 2 years in the military. At age 18, all boys were required to serve 2 years in the military. Marriage – girls can marry at 15. Marriage – girls can marry at 15.

16. Sparta The other dominant city-state The other dominant city-state Military society – all boys taken away at age 7 to military school Military society – all boys taken away at age 7 to military school Emphasis was placed on military training, and very little stress was placed on education (basic reading, writing skills necessary) Emphasis was placed on military training, and very little stress was placed on education (basic reading, writing skills necessary) Marriage – 19 years of age for women (children were stronger, meaning children are stronger) Marriage – 19 years of age for women (children were stronger, meaning children are stronger) Spartan women had more rights than Athenian women. Spartan women had more rights than Athenian women. Government - 2 kings ruled jointly. Council of elders (all men over 60) acted as the supreme court Government - 2 kings ruled jointly. Council of elders (all men over 60) acted as the supreme court Sparta beats Athens in the Peloponnesian War Sparta beats Athens in the Peloponnesian War

17. Macedoni a Under Philip II Macedoni a Under Philip II

18. Alexander the Great The Macedonians live North of Greece. The Macedonians live North of Greece. King Phillip of Macedonia conquers almost all of Greece. At the height of his power, he gets killed by his wife. His son Alexander takes over at age 20. King Phillip of Macedonia conquers almost all of Greece. At the height of his power, he gets killed by his wife. His son Alexander takes over at age 20.

19. Alexander the Great 356-323 B.C.E.

20. Alexander the Great Alexander – respected for courage and military skill. He was educated by Aristotle. Campaigns – Conquered Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor, and India. He created the largest empire up to that time. Dies at Age 33 of Malaria. His generals divided his territory after his death, only for it to be taken over by the Romans later.

21. Alexander the Great’s Empire

22. Building Greek Cities in the East

23. The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

24. Why did Alexander’s empire ultimately collapse? Why did Alexander’s empire ultimately collapse?

25. Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Why can it be said that the Age of Alexander the Great marked the first truly international culture in history? Why can it be said that the Age of Alexander the Great marked the first truly international culture in history?

26. Student Notes Alexander the Great – son of Philip II of Macedonia. At age of 20 began king of Macedonia and conquered all of Greece. Before he was 33 years old he conquered the Persian Empire and all of southwest Asia. Alexander’s conquests ended the era of independent Greek city-states. New culture emerged a blend of Greek, Egyptian, Eastern customs. Alexander the Great – son of Philip II of Macedonia. At age of 20 began king of Macedonia and conquered all of Greece. Before he was 33 years old he conquered the Persian Empire and all of southwest Asia. Alexander’s conquests ended the era of independent Greek city-states. New culture emerged a blend of Greek, Egyptian, Eastern customs.