1. Dale P. Bentz (dale.bentz@nist.gov) National Institute of Standards and Technology International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement July 10, 2007

2. Background Abundance of Computer Models for Predicting Performance of Cement-Based Materials –HIPERPAV, FEMMASSE, DuCoM, Life-365, CIKS, VCCTL Such models could form the basis for the development of virtual standards Just as with the development of a physical test method, virtual test methods must be verified and validated, and their variability considered

3. Outline Some definitions –Verification –Validation –Calibration –Variability Example of a virtual test method for heat of hydration –Conventionally measured by ASTM C186 Summary and Prospectus

4. Verification “The process of determining that a model implementation accurately represents the developer’s conceptual description of the model and the solution to the model” from http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/tutorial/glossary.html http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/tutorial/glossary.html Answers the question “Are we building the model right?” –Are our equations correct? –Do we have the correct (best) values for all parameters? –Is our computer code bug-free?

5. Validation “The process of determining the degree to which a model is an accurate representation of the real world from the perspective of the intended users of the model” from http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/tutorial/glossary.html http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/tutorial/glossary.html Answers the question “Are we building the right model?” –Are our predictions accurate and useful for our intended audience? –Does the model contribute to new technical insights and innovations?

6. Calibration “The process of adjusting numerical or physical modeling parameters in the computational model for the purpose of improving agreement with experimental data” from http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/tutorial/glossary.html http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/tutorial/glossary.html

7. Variability Assessment of the change in model predictions when one or more input parameters are modified in a controlled manner –For a simulation, could be the random number seed –Could be an input parameter characterizing the system being modeled Phase fractions and/or phase perimeters (surface fractions) Phase correlation functions Particle size distribution (PSD) Activation energies

8. A Physical Testing Analogy Compressive strength of high performance concrete (HPC) Verification – Are we building the test method right? –Capping materials, strain rates, consolidation Carino et al. references in conference paper Validation – Are we building the right test method? –Is compressive strength the best measure to characterize the performance of HPC? Early-age cracking, durability and transport measures may be more appropriate –Goodspeed, Vanikar, and Cook, Concrete International, 1996.

9. Virtual Test Method Example Virtual Heat of Hydration Test –ASTM C186 is the only current physical test method for heat of hydration within ASTM Few laboratories have the necessary equipment Results only available after waiting 7 d or 28 d Cumbersome- acid dissolution of samples, etc. w/c=0.4, sealed hydration at 23 °C –Virtual test method is based on CEMHYD3D v3.0 model (freely available via Internet download at ftp://ftp.nist.gov/pub/bfrl/bentz/CEMHYD3D/version30 ) ftp://ftp.nist.gov/pub/bfrl/bentz/CEMHYD3D/version30 Validation performed using a set of 5 CCRL cements Two variants: –Complete PSD, SEM/X-ray image characterization –PSD and X-ray diffraction (XRD) volumetric phase analysis only

10. Enthalpy of Hydration of Cement Phases PhaseEnthalpy (kJ/kg phase) C3SC3S517 C2SC2S262 C3AC3A908, 1672, 1144 A C 4 AF418, 725 B Anhydrite (to gypsum)187 Hemihydrate (to gypsum)132 A For C 3 A hydration, values are for conversion to C 3 AH 6, ettringite, and monosulfate (Afm) phase, respectively. B For C 4 AF hydration, values are for conversion to C 3 AH 6 and ettringite, respectively.

11. Virtual Test Method Procedure 1) obtain a physical sample of the cement of interest and characterize it with respect to PSD and volumetric phase composition based on SEM/X-ray image analysis or X-ray diffraction (standards for the PSD and phase characterization methods are currently being pursued in the ASTM C01.25 and ASTM C01.23 subcommittees, respectively), 2) prepare a w/c=0.4 (23 °C) cement paste specimen and measure its chemical shrinkage according to the ASTM C 1608 test method, during at least the first 8 h of hydration; use the measured response to calibrate the kinetics factor, β, that connects model hydration cycles to time in the CEMHYD3D v3.0 computer model, for this virtual cement hydration (w/c=0.4, saturated hydration at 23 °C), 3) using the same calibrated kinetics factor, conduct a virtual heat of hydration experiment (w/c=0.4, sealed hydration at 23 °C) with CEMHYD3D v3.0 to obtain the 7 d and 28 d (and other) heat of hydration values for comparison to the experimentally measured values from the ASTM C 186 test method, 4) optionally, conduct virtual (semi)adiabatic hydrations, etc. to estimate the (semi)adiabatic temperature rise of concrete mixtures of interest produced with this cement

12. C 3 S=red, C 2 S=blue, C 3 A=green, C 4 AF=orange, gypsum=olive, CaO=yellow, K 2 SO 4 =white

13. Measurement of Chemical Shrinkage Chemical shrinkage assesses the imbibition of external water into a hydrating cement paste due to the fact that the hydration products occupy less volume than the reactants Standardized in 2005 as ASTM C1608 by subcommittee C01.31 Burrows has advocated that the 12-h chemical shrinkage be less than or equal to 0.0105 mL/g cement for a crack resistant cement (Burrows, et al., Three Simple Tests for Selecting Low-Crack Cement, Cement and Concrete Composites, 26 (5), 509-519, 2004.) 380 m 2 /kg311

14. CCRL Cement Compositions PhaseCCRL 115CCRL 116CCRL 135CCRL 141CCRL 152 C3SC3S0.5960.6270.6340.6320.690 C2SC2S0.2180.2070.1620.1060.088 C3AC3A0.0310.0670.0660.1150.123 C 4 AF0.0950.0340.0780.0730.038 Gypsum0.0600.0650.0600.0260.027 HemihydrateNot meas. 0.0480.031 AnhydriteNot meas. 0.0000.003 Volume fractions

15. Chemical Shrinkage Results CCRL Cement 141, w/c=0.4, saturated, 20 °C

16. Heat of Hydration Results CCRL Cement 141, w/c=0.4, sealed, 23 °C

17. Heat of Hydration Results CCRL cement Age (d) (# of labs) CCRL C186 heat of hyd. (J/g) CCRL std. dev. (J/g) CEMHYD3D heat of hyd. (J/g) |Model-Meas.|/ (Meas. dev.) 1157 (27)310.927.6305.30.20 11528 (16)368.621.8346.31.02 1167 (27)359.825.9339.60.78 11628 (16)402.117.2383.01.11 1357 (22)326.421.8327.40.05 13528 (15)360.219.2375.00.77 1417 (18)351.130.96344.20.22 14128 (11)380.736.4399.60.52 1527 (22)362.830.96373.60.35 15228 (18)41523.85419.00.17 152-17 (22)362.830.96374.20.37 152-128 (18)41523.85416.60.07 152-27 (22)362.830.96369.20.21 152-228 (18)41523.85416.40.06

18. Variability – Random Number Seed CCRL cement 152

19. Summary and Prospectus Virtual testing has shifted the emphasis from a later age physical measurement to a detailed starting material characterization and an accompanying early-age (8 h) chemical shrinkage measurement Results demonstrate the feasibility of a virtual heat of hydration test method to predict 7 d and 28 d heats of hydration (actually the complete heat of hydration vs. time curve) Cement characterization can be based on detailed SEM/X-ray image analysis or on more commonly available XRD volume fractions, along with a measured PSD (of course) Methodology now being considered by ASTM C01.26