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Muscles: Actions, Movements, and Terminology

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Presentation on theme: "Muscles: Actions, Movements, and Terminology"— Presentation transcript:

1 Muscles: Actions, Movements, and Terminology

2 Overview Muscle 101 Role of Skeletal Muscle Muscle Terminology
Muscular Contractions Concentric Eccentric Isometric Muscle Movement Classification or Defining a Muscle’s Role in Producing Movement Agonist or Prime mover Antagonist Synergist Stabilizer

3 Muscles Three types of muscle in the human body
Skeletal Voluntary Cardiac (heart) Smooth (internal organs) Consists of contractile cells (muscle fibers) Muscles can only pull; they can not push Tendons attach muscles to bone ligaments attach bone to bone

4 Role of Skeletal Muscle
Gives form to the body Provides heat Produces skeletal movement Assists in maintaining joint stability Maintains posture Maintains balance over center of gravity 55% of height in women 57% of height in men

5 Muscle Terminology Uniarticulate Biarticulate Triarticulate
A muscle that crosses one joint Ex: Brachioradialis crosses the elbow joint Biarticulate A muscle that crosses two joints Sartorius Triarticulate A muscle that can move three joints Ex: Wrist Flexors

6 Muscle Terminology Muscle Action: Specific movement of the joint
Flexion, Extension, Ad/Abduction, etc. Muscle Origin: The end of the muscle attaching to the relatively fixed (or least moveable) bone of its joint. The more proximal attachment site Muscle Insertion: The end of the muscle attaching to the freely moving bone of its joint. The more distal attachment site of the muscle.

7 Anterior Deltoid: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle
O:Medial Epicondyle of Humerus (2 heads medial and posterior) I: Pisiform, Hammate, and Base of 5th metacarpal Origin: Anterior Deltoid: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle Middle Deltoid: Acromion Process of Scapula Posterior Deltoid: Spine of Scapula Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

8 Muscle Terminology Nerve Innervation: The segment of the nervous system responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers. Muscle Palpation: Examination by touch Muscle length: The distance between bony attachments

9 Muscular Contractions
Isotonic (Movement with constant external resistance-Bicep Curl) Concentric Eccentric Isokinetic (Movement with varying external resistance/control for velocity-Tubing?) Isometric (no joint movement)

10 Concentric Muscle Contraction
Muscle shortens in length while developing tension Muscle tension is greater than the load Examples: The upward phase of a bicep curl The upward phase of a bench press The upward phase of an abdominal crunch The upward phase of a squat The downward phase of a lat pull-down

11 Eccentric Muscle Contraction
Muscle lengthens under tension. Resistance is greater than muscle tension. Examples: The downward phase of a biceps curl The downward phase of a squat The downward phase of a lunge The upward phase of a lat pull-down Eccentric muscle contractions are what makes you sore Most injuries occur in the eccentric phase

12 Isometric Muscle Contraction
No movement Tension equals the load. Examples: Wall Sit Plank

13 Types of contraction Isometric Concentric Eccentric
Deltoid holds arm in ________________ Eccentric Deltoid shortens to move arm into ________________ Deltoid lengthens to lower arm into ________________

14 Muscle Movement Classification
A muscle’s role in producing movement can be defined as that of the: Agonist or Prime Mover Antagonist Synergist Stabilizer

15 Agonist or Prime Mover A muscle or group of muscles that causes a motion Muscle contracts concentrically or eccentrically Examples: Knee Extension Quadriceps, through concentric contraction, extend the knee Elbow Flexion Biceps work concentrically to bend arm 

16 Antagonist “The Opposer” Resists the motion caused by the prime mover
Contracts to prevent, slow or control a motion Helps protect the agonist Examples: Knee Extension Hamstring muscles, through eccentric contraction, help to slow the rate of knee extension Elbow Flexion Triceps work eccentrically to slow the rate that the arm is bent   Rotator Cuff Muscles

17 Synergist Assists the movement of a prime mover but is less effective
These muscles are considered to have a functional relationship with the prime mover However, the assisting muscle cannot perform the motion at a functional level. Example: As a portion of the quadriceps crosses the hip joint, it can help produce hip flexion. However, it is incapable of producing hip flexion alone.  

18 Stabilizer Muscles contract (frequently by an isometric contraction) to hold a body part immobile while another body part is moving. Your wrist while doing a dumbbell bench press Core muscles Proximal Stabilization: In most normal activities, the proximal joint is stabilized while the distal joint performs the action. To perform isolated elbow flexion the proximal shoulder joint must be stabilized by flexors/extensors, abductors/adductors and internal/external rotators. The quadriceps may stabilize the knee in an extended position to permit plantar flexion of the ankle

19 Putting It Together ending position starting position

20 Putting It Together Exercise Standing Cable Triceps Extension
Agonist or Prime Mover: Triceps Brachii Triceps Brachii is a Biarticulate Muscle Muscle Origin Scapula and Humerus Muscle Insertion Ulna Muscle Action Elbow and Shoulder Extension

21 Putting It Together Synergist Anconeus Antagonist
Elbow Flexors (Biceps Brachii, Brachialis and Brachioradialis) Stabilizers: Latissimus Dorsi Teres Major Pectoralis Major Deltoid Rotator Cuff Muscles Erector Spinae Rectus Abdominis Obliques Wrist Flexors

22 Putting It Together Concentric Contraction Eccentric Contraction
Down phase of exercise Up phase of exercise

23 Breathing Exhale during the working phase of a movement
You are moving against the force of resistance

24 Direction of Movement Agonist-Contraction Antagonist-Contraction Progravity Eccentric Concentric Antigravity Gravity Eliminated

25 Take Home Points Skeletal muscle plays many roles in the body including producing skeletal movement, heat and joint stability Muscles can be uni, bi or triarticulate Muscle action is the specific movement of the joint A muscles origin is proximal and relatively fixed while the insertion is more movable and distal

26 Take Home Points There are three key types of muscular contractions
Concentric, eccentric and isometric A muscle’s role in producing movement can be defined as that of the: Agonist/prime mover, antagonist, synergist or stabilizer


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