1. Up-flow Sludge Blanket Flocculator™ Jim Wan Flocculating since 2005 ®

2. Coagulation & Flocculation Coagulation- Charge neutralization and “sweep floc” Flocculation- Hydraulic shear forces lead to collisions between unstable particles

3. Sludge Blanket Acts as a filter to remove turbidity from the influent Proportional to the hydraulic residence time of the influent An increased height of the sludge blanket will increase hydraulic time thus allow more floc to get trapped in bigger floc

4. Why? Cheap Remove high levels of turbidity Construction materials readily available

5. Main Goal Developing alternative treatment technologies for high turbidity drinking water in regions of the world where conventional flocculation, sedimentation, filtration processes are not yet sustainable

6. Research Objectives Test the ability for a self-forming conical system to produce flocculent at a varying up-flow velocity Find the optimum height of sludge blanket

7. Methods Varying Flow Rates Varying Sludge Blanket Height See Diagram 

8. Calculations Alum Calculation Clay Calculation

9. Experimental Setup

10. Summary of Experiment DateFlow Rate (ml/min)Sludge Blanket Height Tap WaterClayAlum(cm) 14-Nov2501.750.5- 16-Nov2501.750.534 18-Nov2501.750.540 20-Nov2501.750.545 22-Nov2501.750.545 23-Nov3002.10.645 24-Nov3502.450.745 28-Nov4002.80.845 29-Nov5003.5145 30-Nov6004.21.245 30-Nov1000.70.245 1-Dec2501.750.525 2-Dec2001.40.445 3-Dec1501.050.345

11. Results Effects of Sludge Blanket Height on Final Turbidity

12. Results Effects of Sludge Blanket Height on Final Turbidity

13. Results Effects of Up-flow Velocity on Final Turbidity Flow Rate Up-flow Velocity ml/minm/d 10019.27 15028.90 20038.53 25048.17 30057.80 35067.44 40077.07 50096.34 600115.60

14. Results Effects of Up-flow Velocity on Final Turbidity

15. Hydraulic Residence Time Flow rate Up-flow Velocity HRT Sludge height HRT ml/minm/dmincmmin 10019.2633.63257.47 15028.9022.423410.16 20038.5316.824011.96 25048.1613.454513.45 30057.8011.21 35067.439.61 40077.068.41 50096.336.73 600115.65.61

16. Results

17. Conclusion Sludge blanket acts as unstable filter Flow rates 300-400 ml/min (Up-flow velocity of 57-77 m/d) are optimum Sludge blanket height is important Creating flocs without mechanical/hydraulic mixing

18. Future work Different location, different characteristics pH, Alkalinity (coagulant chemistry) Phosphorus + alum Density formation of flocs Solid retention time Different influent turbidity

19. References [1] Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F., and H. Stensel. (2003). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, 4th ed., McGraw Hill, New York. [2] Zeta-Meter, Inc. (1993). Everything You Need to Know About Coagulation and Flocculation, 4th ed., Zeta-Meter, Inc, Virginia. http://www.zeta-meter.com/coag.pdf [3] Luu, Kim. (2000). Study of Coagulation and Settling Processes for Implementation in Nepal, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://web.mit.edu/watsan/Docs/Student%20Theses/Nepal/Luu2000.pd f [4] Rog K. and M. Wilson. (2005). Jar Test for Laboratory Research in Environmental Engineering. In press. [5] Yukselen, M.A. and J. Gregory. (2002). Breakage and Re-formation of alum flocs. Environmental Engineering Science. 19 (4), 229. [6] Lee, C.C. and S. Dar Lin (eds.). (2000). Handbook of Environmental Engineering Calculations, McGraw Hill, New York.

20. Acknowledgement Monroe Weber-Shirk Everyone