1. Small Fruit Weed Control Update Greg Armel (garmel@utk.edu) Weed Scientist- Vegetable and Fruit Crops, Ornamentals, and Invasive Weeds Picture found at http://cleaning-house.org/wp- content/uploads/2008/07/strawberry_sweet _temptation.jpg Picture found at http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3027/2765798165_cd6dcf573f.jpg

2. Post-directed Application Methods Found at: http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/images/g04251art01.jpg Found at: http://www.eih.uh.edu/prairie/images/HerbicideApplication_ 2.jpg

3. Herbicides for Small Fruit Production

4. Common Preemergence Herbicides for Small fruits Active ingredients NapropamideOryzalinNorflurazonIsoxabenDichlobenilSimazine Trade name DevrinolSurflanSolicamGalleryCasoronPrincep Company United Phosphorous DowSyngentaDowChemturaSyngenta Can this be applied in blackberry / raspberry? 8 lb/acre 2 - 4 qt/acre 1.25 – 5 lb/acre (1 yr old) 2/3 to 1 1/3 oz/acre 100 lbs/acre (1 yr old) 2-4 qt/acre (use 1/2X rate for new plantings) Can this be applied in grapes? 8 lb/acre 2 - 4 qt/acre 1.25 – 5 lb/acre (6 month old) 2/3 to 1 1/3 oz/acre 100-150 lbs/acre (4 wk after planting) 2-4 qt/acre (use 1/2X rate for new plantings Can this be applied in blueberry? 8 lb/acre- 2 – 4 qt/acre 1.25 – 5 lb/acre (6 months old) 2/3 to 1 1/3 oz/acre 100-150 lbs/acre (4 wk after planting) 2-4 qt/acre (use 1/2X rate for new plantings Can this be applied in strawberry? 8 lb/acre (directed to row middles or incorporate 2” in plasticulture beds) NoNoNoNoNo Weeds Controlled Grasses and certain small seeded broadleaf weeds Grasses, certain broadleaf weeds, and nutsedge suppression Broadleaf weeds and few grasses

5. Common Postemergence Directed Herbicides for Small fruits Active ingredients GlyphosateParaquatGlufosinateClethodimSethoxydimFluazifop Trade name Roundup, other Gramoxone Inteon, other Rely Select 2EC PoastFusilade Company Monsanto, other SyngentaBayerValentBASFSyngenta Can this be applied in blackberry / raspberry? 0.75 to 1 lb ai /acre 2 – 4 pt/acre No 6 – 8 fl oz/acre 1 - 2.5 pt/acre 12 – 24 fl oz/acre Can this be applied in grapes? 0.75 to 1 lb ai /acre 2.5 – 4 pt/acre 3 – 5 qt/acre 6 – 8 fl oz/acre 1 - 2.5 pt/acre 12 – 24 fl oz/acre Can this be applied in blueberry? 0.75 to 1 lb ai /acre 2 – 4 pt/acre 3 – 5 qt/acre 6 – 8 fl oz/acre 1 - 2.5 pt/acre 12 – 24 fl oz/acre Can this be applied in strawberry? 0.75 to 1 lb ai /acre 2 pt/acre No 6 – 8 fl oz/acre 1 - 1.5 pt/acre No Weeds Controlled Annual and perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds Annual broadleaf weeds and small grasses (~1”) Annual broadleaf and grass weeds Grasses (weaker on goosegrass) Grasses (perennial grasses may take higher rates or multiple applications) Non-selective herbicidesGraminicides

6. Other Preemergence Residual Herbicides for Weed Control in Small Fruit  Grass Weeds  Pronamide (Kerb 50W): 2 – 4 lbs/acre in established blueberry plantings  2 – 8 lbs/acre in grapes established 1 year for fall/winter planted or 6 months for spring/summer planted  Pendimethalin (Prowl, other): 2.4 – 4.8 qt/acre in grapes  Broadleaf Weeds  Acifluorfen (Blazer): 0.5 – 1 pints/acre applied to strawberry row middles  Oxyfluorfen (Goal, other): 1 - 2 pints/acre applied 30 days pre-plant to strawberry rows  2 to 8 pints/acre applied in grapes (do not apply after bud swell)  Flumioxazin (Chateau): 3 oz/acre to row middles or 30 days pre-plant to strawberry rows  Certain grasses, broadleaf weeds, and/or sedge suppression  DCPA (Dacthal): 8 – 12 pints/acre to strawberry row middles  Terbacil (Sinbar): 2 – 5 oz/acre to strawberry in crop (if not dormant fb 1-2” of immediate irrigation)  0.5 to 2 lbs/acre in blueberry at least 1 year old.  Hexazinone (Velpar): 1.3 – 2.6 lb/acre in blueberry plantings at least 3 years old  Diuron (Karmex) 1.5 – 2 lb/acre in blueberry at least 1 year old.

7. Other Postemergence Herbicides for Weed in Small Fruit  Broadleaf Weeds  Carfentrazone (Aim)- up to 2 oz/acre in strawberry (row middles)  1 to 2 oz/acre in established blueberry  Clopyralid (Stinger)- 0.33 to 0.67 pint/acre (post-harvest in strawberry)  Bentazon (Basagran)- 1.5 – 2 pint/acre in blueberry and grapes

8. Label Changes and New Products

9. Matrix FNV  Common name: Rimsulfuron  Mode of action: ALS-inhibitor  Manufacturer: DuPont  Application timing/placement:  POST-directed 4 oz/acre before broadleaf weeds reach 1-3” and grasses reach 1-2”  Maximum seasonal use rate total- 4 oz/acre  Trees must be established for 1 growing season  Crops (PHI): Stone (14), pome (7), citrus (3), nuts (14), and grapes (14)  Weeds controlled:  PRE grasses: foxtail spp., barnyardgrass, v. wheat, crabgrass*  PRE broadleaf weeds: henbit, pigweed spp., purslane, common ragweed*, cocklebur*, lambsquarters*, velvetleaf*, nightshade*, prostrate pigweed*, marestail, dandelion, redstem filaree, hairy fleabane, groundsel, mallow, mustard, puncture vine, purslane, spurge species  POST grasses: foxtail spp. annual bluegrass, barnyardgrass, v. wheat/barley, crabgrass, fall panicum, johnsongrass* (seedling), stinkgrass*  POST broadleaf weeds: chickweed henbit, pigweed spp., purslane, wild mustard, wild radish, shepherd’s purse, cocklebur*, lambsquarters*, velvetleaf*, common ragweed*, hairy nightshade*, prostrate pigweed*, ivyleaf morningglory*, Pennsylvania smartweed*, Canada thistle*  PRE/POST sedges: yellow nutsedge* *suppression only

10. Chateau  Common name: Flumioxazin  Mode of action: PPO-inhibitor  Manufacturer: Valent  Application timing/placement (Supplemental labels):  POST-directed at 6 to 12 oz/acre in grapes and high bush blueberries  Do not apply more than 24 oz/acre in one growing season for grapes and 12 oz/acre for high bush blueberries  Do not apply more than 6 oz to blueberries established less than three years  Do not make sequential applications within 30 days of each other  Do not apply with 60 days of harvest (grapes)  Avoid sprays on bark or foliage. Shield spray from trees after bud break and at any time if trees less than 1 year following planting.  Applications of 3 oz/acre in strawberry  Strawberry rows 30 days prior to planting (plasticulture)  Dormant strawberry rows  Row middles with the use of a hooded sprayer  Broadleaf weeds controlled:  Common weeds susceptible to applications of Chateau (varies with rate and timing) carpetweed, chickweeds (common, mouseear), cutleaf eveningprimrose, dandelion, hemp sesbania, henbit, jimsonweed, lambsquarters, mallow spp., morningglory spp., pigweed spp., Palmer amaranth, prickly sida, purslane, common ragweed, shepherd’s purse, sicklepod, and wild mustard

11. Rage ® Herbicide  Active ingredient: carfentrazone (0.04 lbs/gal) + glyphosate (5 lbs/gal as IPA salt or 3.71 lbs/gal as glyphosate acid)  Company Name: FMC  Mode of action: PPO-inhibitor + EPSP synthase inhibitor  Crops: Cane Berries (i.e. blackberry, raspberry, etc.), bush berries (i.e. blueberry, huckleberry, etc.) and grapes  Application method: POST-directed (do not contact green tissue)  Application rate: 1) weed control rates- 10 to 32 oz/acre in caneberries; 40 fl oz or less in bush berries; 12 to 40 fl oz/acre in grapes 2) chemical mowing for grass row middles 3 to 4 ounces (45 days of grass suppression)  Adjuvant: COC at 1% or NIS at 0.25%  Restricitons: Do not apply within 14 days of grape harvest. Do not apply more than 242 fl oz per season in grapes or caneberries and not more than 120 fl oz/acre per season in bush berries.  Weeds controlled: multiple annual and perennial grass and broadleaf weeds

12. Key Weed Control Issue

13. Marestail (Conyza canadensis) Pictures courtesy of the Virginia Tech Weed ID guide Glyphosate-Resistant biotypes Delaware in 2001 (M.J. VanGessel) Tennessee in 2002 (G.N. Rhodes and R. Hayes) Resistant seeds spreading by wind to ornamental and small fruit field sites. Control PRE- products containing isoxaben (Gallery) PRE- products containing flumioxazin (Chateau) POST-directed- glufosinate (Rely)- grapes and blueberries 57.5 fl oz/acre= <6 inches in height 96 fl oz/acre= >6 inches in height POST-directed- with residual- Rimsulfuron (Matrix FNV (grapes)- 4 oz/acre

14. Building Program Approach to Weed Control  One application will not give you full season weed control in Tennessee- bush berries, grapes, cane berries  Multiple burndown plus residual applications- 1 in the fall or winter and one in the spring  simazine (2 to 4 quarts) between November to February….add non-selective herbicide when appropriate  simazine or norflurazon plus oryzalin or napropamide in April…..spot spray for escaped perennial weeds  Benefits of weed free tree rows  1) vole barrier 2) warmer soils 3) less weed competition 4) other

15. Conclusions  Know your herbicide active ingredients  Accuracy in application is critical  Rotate herbicide chemistries for resistance management  Split herbicide applications for full-season weed control

16. Introduction- Chemical Mowing in Grape Row Middles

17. Commercial Grape Production in Tennessee as an Alternative Enterprise Total area equals 375 acres of land and there is an increase in grape production in Tennessee. Almost 98% of production is marketed through wineries. Estimated cost of commercial vineyard establishment up to first harvest = $5,200 /acre Average yield for American and French- American hybrids cultivars is 5 tons/ac. ____________________________________________________________________________________ National Information System For The Regional IPM Centers. 2009. Crop Profile for Grapes in Tennessee.

18.  Low-cost choices are limited when establishing environmentally friendly production systems.  Integrated Crop Management issues related to grass groundcovers include:  Insect damage  Fungal diseases  Vine destruction by wildlife  Yield reduction caused by certain weeds Small Fruit Cost Production Challenges

19.  Groundcovers are managed by mechanical mowing.  Although, mechanical mowing can reduce or prevent crop management issues, there are additional challenges associated with grass management such as:  Fuel cost  Labor inputs  Equipment cost Small Fruit Cost Production Challenges

20. (Safley, 2006) + Cost of fuel ($2.57/US. gallon) * = Highly volatile trends (Energy Information Administration. December 2009. U.S. Retail Gasoline Prices. ) Estimated cost based on 5 mechanical mowing per growing season / per year.

21.  Evaluate herbicides already registered for use in commercial grape production.  Compare reduced rates of these herbicides alone and in mixtures for grass groundcover suppression.  Evaluate broadleaf weed control at these sub-lethal herbicide rates. Objectives

22. Materials & Methods

23. Field Locations for 2009:

24. 3 x 6 meters RCB Field Plots

25. CO 2 Backpack sprayer Calibration: 23 gal/ ac Evaluation Intervals: 7,14, 28 & 56 days after treatment (DAT) All treatments contained Crop Oil Concentrate at 1% v/v

26. Crop evaluated Southern States Cooperative Corporate. 2009. Tall fescue Festuca arundinacea mowed 3 - 4 inches

27. White clover Trifolium repens Buckhorn plantain Plantago lanceolata Dandelion Taraxacum officinale Weeds evaluated mowed 3 - 4 inches Koepke-Hill. 2009. Wallace. 2009.

28. # Herbicide Treatment Application Rate (s) 1glyphosate 110 g ai/ha 2sethoxydim 131 g ai/ha 3carfentrazone 9 g ai/ha 4carfentrazone 18 g ai/ha 5glufosinate 234 g ai/ha 6 glyphosate + carfentrazone 110 g ai/ha / 9 g ai/ha 7 glyphosate + carfentrazone 110 g ai/ha / 18 g ai/ha 8 glyphosate + sethoxydim 110 g ai/ha / 131 g ai/ha 9 sethoxydim + carfentrazone 131 g ai/ha / 9 g ai/ha 10 sethoxydim + carfentrazone 131 g ai/ha / 18 g ai/ha 11 glufosinate + sethoxydim 234 g ai/ha / 131 g ai/ha 12 glufosinate + carfentrazone 234 g ai/ha / 9 g ai/ha 13 glufosinate + carfentrazone 234 g ai/ha / 18 g ai/ha 14 Untreated Control - Field Study Treatments

29. Results & Discussion

30. LSD = 24 1= carfentrazone at 9 g ai/ha 2= carfentrazone at 18 g ai/ha

31. LSD = 27 1= carfentrazone at 9 g ai/ha 2= carfentrazone at 18 g ai/ha

32. LSD = 16 1= carfentrazone at 9 g ai/ha 2= carfentrazone at 18 g ai/ha

33. 28 DAT LSD = 4 56 DAT LSD = 5 1= carfentrazone at 9 g ai/ha 2= carfentrazone at 18 g ai/ha 25 8

34. Broadleaf Weed Control at 28 DAT Assessment % Control

35. Broadleaf Weed Control at 28 DAT Assessment % Control = LSD 0.05

36. # Herbicide Treatment Application Rate (s) 1glyphosate 110 g ai/ha 2glyphosate 220 g ai/ha 3sethoxydim 66 g ai/ha 4sethoxydim 132 g ai/ha 5oxyfluorfen 1120 g ai/ha 6rimsulfuron 9 g ai/ha 7 glyphosate + sethoxydim 110 g ai/ha / 132 g ai/ha 8 glyphosate + sethoxydim 200 g ai/ha / 66 g ai/ha 9 glyphosate + sethoxydim 220 g ai/ha / 66 g ai/ha 10 glyphosate + sethoxydim 220 g ai/ha / 132 g ai/ha 11 sethoxydim + oxyfluorfen 132 g ai/ha / 1120 g ai/ha 12 sethoxydim + rimsulfuron 132 g ai/ha / 9 g ai/ha 13 glyphosate + oxyfluorfen 110 g ai/ha / 1120 g ai/ha 14 glyphosate + rimsulfuron 110 g ai/ha / 9 g ai/ha 15 sethoxydim + glyphosate + oxyfluorfen 132 g ai/ha / 110 g ai/ha / 1120 g ai/ha 16 sethoxydim + glyphosate + rimsulfuron 132 g ai/ha / 110 g ai/ha / 9 g ai/ha 17 Untreated Control - Greenhouse Trial Treatments for 2010

37. Conclusion

38.  In our field studies sethoxydim applied alone or in combination with glufosinate, glyphosate or carfentrazone provided the greatest suppression to tall fescue (72 – 79%).  Sethoxydim sells for $14.29 / 1.5pints. An application of 10 fl oz/A = under $6.00  Factors to consider:  What are the costs associated with herbicidal application?  Is four weeks of tall fescue suppression long enough to justify chemical mowing? Benefits vs. Cost (cont.)

39.  Evaluate herbicide treatments in greenhouse studies during spring 2010 to show the potential of tall fescue suppression with new mixtures of:  sethoxydim  rimsulfuron  glyphosate  oxyfluorfen  Additional field studies are planned to evaluate the most promising treatments from our greenhouse trials. Research

40. 1.Anonymous. 2008. AIM EC® herbicide label. FMC Corporation. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 2.Anonymous. 2007. Matrix herbicide. Techical Bulletin. DuPont Corporation. Wilmington, Delaware. 3.Anonymous. 2006. Sethoxydim E Pro® herbicide label. Etriga Corporation. Cary, North Carolina. 4.Anonymous. 2008. Touchdown Total IQ® herbicide label. Syngenta Corporation. Greensboro, North Carolina. 5.C. Carpio, E.B. Poling and C.D. Safley. 2006. Estimated production cost, gross revenue and returns per acre for muscadine grapes. 6.Crop profile for grapes in Tennessee. 2008. National information system for the regional IMP centers. North Carolina State University. Raleigh, NC. Retrieved from: www.ipmcenters.org/crops/TNgrapes.pdf www.ipmcenters.org/crops/TNgrapes.pdf 7.Department of Energy. U.S. Energy Information Administraction, Independent Statistics and Analysis. 2009. Retrieved from: www.eia.doc.gov www.eia.doc.gov References