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Dialect n Form of a language distinctive of a region or social group n Includes pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary n Accent: only refers to differences.

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Presentation on theme: "Dialect n Form of a language distinctive of a region or social group n Includes pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary n Accent: only refers to differences."— Presentation transcript:

1 Dialect n Form of a language distinctive of a region or social group n Includes pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary n Accent: only refers to differences in pronunciation

2 n Dialects of a language are mutually intelligible, for the most part n Distinctions between dialects and languages rest on political and cultural criteria (not on strictly linguistic factors)

3 n Norwegian, Swedish and Danish are mutually intelligible but are considered separate languages n Dialects on the German-Dutch border similar but each looks to language of capital as reference

4 Difference model All languages/dialects: are rule-governed serve the needs of their speakers Standard is just one dialect Dialects differ but all are good.

5 Deficit model Socially stigmatized dialects are linguistically and cognitively deficient. Standard speech is the only correct form. Deviations from standard are wrong, lazy, careless.

6 Standard dialect Language variety: with highest prestige used in print taught in schools spoken by educated

7 Formal standard n Prescribed by grammar books, dictionaries, etc. n Based on written language of established writers n Almost universally ignored in speech

8 Informal standard n Language usage of groups with high social prestige those who hire and teach n Some forms rejected as “too correct”

9 Language attitudes Attitudes toward non-standard dialects reflect attitudes toward their speakers. Non-standard may be dismissed as not even English.

10 Variation by class n Features not exclusive to a class n Different frequency of usage n All classes vary speech by context

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12 n All classes use more prestige forms in most careful speech –Shows knowledge of prestige forms –Share evaluation of forms

13 n If linguistic change in progress, highest usage of prestige form by lower middle class n Women use more standard forms than men of their class

14 Retention of stigmatized speech n Reinforced by peer group, rejected if don’t conform n Identify with home culture and close network n Revolt against outsiders

15 Struggle of teacher vs. student n Teacher probably uses non-standard form in casual speech though unaware n Teacher condemns non-standard form and not aware of shifting style by context

16 n Students not aware that use standard forms in some contexts n Students feel teacher is trying to abolish their form of speech and resist


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