1. “Sapienza” University of Rome Ministero dell’InternoPolizia di Stato ICARUS Project Showbiz Inc. ICARUS Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety TREN/SUB/01-2008 Preliminary results of the research on risk factors of young drivers “Sapienza” University of Rome 14 Supporter Countries - Meeting in Ljubljana, November 10th and 11th, 2010

2. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Within the ICARUS Project, it will be developed, for the first time, a training model to be shared with the EU Countries. The training model will be grounded on a research aimed at detecting the main risk factors in road safety.

3. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety www.webicarus.eu

4. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety 1. Identifying main Risk Factors involved in road safety. 2. Developing a shared European Training model starting from and taking into account research results. Aims of the Project

5. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety The main steps: 1)to identify a European Network of road safety training agencies; 2)to conduct an analysis on the driving style and habits of young drivers in different EU countries; 3)to define a set of guidelines to approach the issue “road safety” in relation to young drivers on a European scale; 4)to prepare a Manual with a CD-ROM to perform the training for prevention of road accidents.

6. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety The intervention areas will be developed in 11 steps along a period of 30 months. Step 1. Creation of a network of participants. Step 2. Preliminary study aimed at drawing up and adapting a questionnaire. Step 3. Sample selection. Step 4. First Conference in Rome.

7. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety First Conference in Rome Rome - 15/16 October 2009

8. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Step 6. Organization of a database (data coding and input). Step 7. Data analysis. Step 8. Interpretation of results and first intermediate report. Ljubljana Workshop Step 9. Identification of best practices. Step 10. Creation of a manual both in paper and electronic format. Step 11. Final conference in Brussels.

9. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Workshop in Ljubljana in order to discuss: a) common and/or national-specific risk factors. b) individual variables predicting a risk taking behaviour. c) existence of groups of drivers at higher risk of being involved in car crashes and their individual variables.

10. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Total Sample 9611 Respondents 4010 Car Drivers 2556 males - 19.8 yo 1454 females - 19.8 yo 1349 Scooter Drivers 1000 males – 20.1 yo 349 females - 19.8 yo 4252 Non-Drivers 2560 males – 21.3 yo 1692 females - 21.5 yo

11. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Today, results will be discussed about: Italy Slovenia Austria Bulgaria Ireland Cyprus Poland Lithuania Latvia

12. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Work are still in progress for the following Countries: Malta Germany Francia Slovakia Estonia

13. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety The Questionnaire A series of Scales concerning:  General attitude toward road safety (Scale A)  Locus of Control (Scale B)  Driving-related rage (Scale D)  Moral disengagement (Scale E)  Personality (Scale F)  Driving behaviour (Scale I)  Representation of alcohol effects (Scale F)  Questions about driving expertise, habits etc.

14. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Layout of Analyses  Data check  Identification of the dimensions underlying the Scales Factor Analyses, Principal Axis Method, Oblimin Rotation  Identification of the number of groups of respondents Cluster Analyses, Hierarchical Algorhythm, Complete Linkage, Squared Euclidean Distances  Identification of groups of respondents Cluster Analyses, K-Means Method  Identification of profiles and risk factors Multivariate Analyses of Variance and Discriminant Analyses

15. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety For instance:  A group of “ Safe Drivers ” exists in all the Countries  A group of “ Risky Drivers ” exists in all the Countries  However, specific groups exist in some Countries but not in all of them, such as the “ Overconfident ”, the “ Aggressive ”, the “ Speeding ” Drivers, etc. The general patterns of results are pretty similar across Countries, but specificities do exist.

16. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Safe Drivers He/she has a friendly attitude toward the others, and has a positive attitude toward the moral norms. He/she doesn’t feel rage against other drivers or obstacles. He/she thinks accidents are mostly due to factors under his/her control, and that a careful driver could avoid them. He/she has a positive attitude toward the traffic code. He/she is aware of the negative effects of alcohol on general human behaviour.

17. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Risky Drivers He/she has an egocentric attitude, shows moral disengagement, and looks for excitement and strong sensations. He/she feels rage against other drivers and obstacles. He/she thinks accidents are mostly due to factors not under his/her control. He/she has a negative attitude toward the traffic code (sometimes thinks that violations are useful to make traffic going). He/she considers alcohol as having positive effects on the general human behaviour.

18. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Overconfident Drivers He/she has a friendly attitude toward the others, and has a positive attitude toward the moral norms. He/she doesn’t feel rage against other drivers or obstacles. He/she thinks accidents are mostly due to factors under his/her control, and that a careful driver could avoid them. He/she has a negative attitude toward the traffic code, and is especially tolerant toward speeding. He/she is aware of the negative effects of alcohol on general human behaviour.

19. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Aggressive Drivers He/she has a friendly attitude toward the others, and has a positive attitude toward the moral norms. He/she feel rage against other drivers and obstacles, has an aggressive way of driving, and is tolerant toward speeding. He/she thinks accidents are mostly due to factors under his/her control, and that a careful driver could avoid them. He/she has a positive attitude toward the traffic code. He/she is aware of the negative effects of alcohol on general human behaviour.

20. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Safe Drivers He/she has a friendly attitude toward the others, and has a positive attitude toward the moral norms. He/she doesn’t feel rage against other drivers or obstacles. He/she thinks accidents are mostly due to factors under his/her control, and that a careful driver could avoid them. He/she has a positive attitude toward the traffic code. He/she is aware of the negative effects of alcohol on general human behaviour.

21. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Risky Drivers He/she has an egocentric attitude, shows moral disengagement, and looks for excitement and strong sensations. He/she feels rage against other drivers and obstacles. He/she thinks accidents are mostly due to factors not under his/her control. He/she has a negative attitude toward the traffic code (sometimes thinks that violations are useful to make traffic going). He/she considers alcohol as having positive effects on the general human behaviour.

22. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Speedy Drivers He/she has a friendly attitude toward the others, and has a positive attitude toward the moral norms. He/she doesn’t feel rage against other drivers or obstacles. He/she thinks accidents are mostly due to factors under his/her control. He/she is especially tolerant toward speeding. He/she is aware of the negative effects of alcohol on general human behaviour.

23. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Non drivers The same groups of safe and risky “ potential drivers ” But a specific group exists in all the Countries composed of individuals who do not recognize that alcohol and drugs have negative effects on human behaviour (and driving).

24. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Preliminary results

25. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety SLOVENIA

26. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.08, F 44,742 =43.7, p<.0001 CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1 538 Respondents (57% males) Mean age = 19.0 years (s.d. 1.0)

27. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

28. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

29. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.08, F 22,408 =47.6, p<.0001 SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2 188 Respondents (75% males) Mean age = 17.5 years (s.d. 0.9)

30. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

31. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

32. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.23, F 24,580 =25.9, p<.0001 NON DRIVERS SECTION 3 304 Respondents (57% males) Mean age = 18.0 years (s.d. 0.7)

33. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

34. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety AUSTRIA

35. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.08, F 40,374 =23.3, p<.0001 CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1 302 Respondents (49% males) Mean age = 19.8 years (s.d. 7.6)

36. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety * * * *

37. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

38. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.08, F 22,408 =47.6, p<.0001 SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2 151 Respondents (72% males) Mean age = 17.3 years (s.d. 4.3)

39. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

40. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

41. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.16, F 24,476 =30.1, p<.0001 NON DRIVERS SECTION 3 252 Respondents (53% males) Mean age = 17.7 years (s.d. 5.7)

42. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

43. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety BULGARIA

44. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.14, F 36,1318 =61.7, p<.0001 CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1 791 Respondents (91% males) Mean age = 19.1 years (s.d. 3.1)

45. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety * * ** *

46. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

47. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.04, F 32,242 =29.7, p<.0001 SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2 161 Respondents (87% males) Mean age = 18.3 years (s.d. 0.9)

48. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety *

49. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

50. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.15, F 24,3106 =209.6, p<.0001 NON DRIVERS SECTION 3 1540 Respondents (82% males) Mean age = 18.5 years (s.d. 1.7)

51. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety *

52. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety CYPRUS

53. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.12, F 28,174 =11.4, p<.0001 CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1 103 Respondents (54% males) Mean age = 22.8 years (s.d. 3.6)

54. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety * *

55. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

56. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2 No enough respondents

57. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.11, F 24,152 =12.9, p<.0001 NON DRIVERS SECTION 3 90 Respondents (47% males) Mean age = 18.0 years (s.d. 0.4)

58. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

59. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety IRELAND

60. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.08, F 46,250 =13.9, p<.0001 CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1 237 Respondents (56% males) Mean age = 21.5 years (s.d. 12.2)

61. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety * * * *

62. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

63. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2 No enough respondents

64. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.20, F 24,672 =32.2, p<.0001 NON DRIVERS SECTION 3 350 Respondents (60% males) Mean age = 19.9 years (s.d. 12.0)

65. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

66. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ITALY

67. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.13, F 44,844 =33.3, p<.0001) CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1 545 Respondents (57% males) Mean age = 19.5 years (s.d. 1.1)

68. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety * *

69. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

70. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.9, F 48,520 =24.8, p<.0001 SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2 346 Respondents (69% males) Mean age = 17.4 years (s.d. 1.3)

71. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety * * * * * * *

72. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

73. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.21, F 24,676 =32.6, p<.0001 NON DRIVERS SECTION 3 352 Respondents (42% males) Mean age = 17.2 years (s.d. 1.5)

74. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

75. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety LATVIA

76. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.09, F 40,164 =9.5, p<.0001 CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1 174 Respondents (62% males) Mean age = 18.4 years (s.d. 1.1)

77. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

78. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

79. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2 No enough respondents

80. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.19, F 24,1550 =81.4, p<.0001 NON DRIVERS SECTION 3 779 Respondents (42% males) Mean age = 17.5 years (s.d. 1.3)

81. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

82. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety LITHUANIA

83. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.08, F 44,742 =43.7, p<.0001 CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1 463 Respondents (48% males) Mean age = 20.7 years (s.d. 2.0)

84. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

85. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

86. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.08, F 22,408 =47.6, p<.0001 SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2 231 Respondents (67% males) Mean age = 19.3 years (s.d. 2.0)

87. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

88. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

89. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.21, F 24,422 =20.8, p<.0001 NON DRIVERS SECTION 3 225 Respondents (36% males) Mean age = 19.8 years (s.d. 2.0)

90. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

91. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety POLAND

92. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.12, F 42,1062 =46.4, p<.0001 CAR DRIVERS SECTION 1 571 Respondents (60% males) Mean age = 20.9 years (s.d. 2.0)

93. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety * * * * * *

94. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

95. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.07, F 36,238 =18.1, p<.0001 SCOOTER DRIVERS SECTION 2 159 Respondents (67% males) Mean age = 20.9 years (s.d. 3.7)

96. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety * * * *

97. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

98. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Wilks’ Lambda=0.21, F 24,404 =19.9, p<.0001 NON DRIVERS SECTION 3 216 Respondents (53% males) Mean age = 21.9 years (s.d. 1.4)

99. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety

100. ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety ICARUS Project Inter-Cultural Approaches for Road Users Safety Thanks for your attention!