1. Population of Rome 5 th Century – 120,000 male, adult citizens 4 th Century – 160,000 3 rd Century – 300,000 1 st Century – 900,000 1 st Century AD – 4,000,000-7,000,000

2. 133-30 BC – Entrenched Problems Latifundia – large estates (and labor problems, filled by POWs out of Rome’s wars) Slave Revolts (134-31, 104-100, 73-71) Grain Dole Unemployment at Rome Italian Allies – Franchise issue Large Standing Army – spread around the Mediterranean Difficulty of Administrating Empire e.g. Jugurtha in Numidia/Mithradates in Asia Minor Maintenance of Mos Maiorum

3. Gracchus & Gracchus – Power of the Tribune T.*challenged authority of Senate *appealed to people for support (Populares) *tried to give franchise to Italians *redistribution of land (Agrarian Reform) G.* redistribution of land * voting rights for Italians * control price of grain in Rome * jury pool from Equites (Knights) class * soldiers clothing bought with public expense

5. Marius vs Sulla Jugurtha, King of Numidia Massinissa, J’s grandfather Micipsa, J’s uncle 134 BC Assisted Scipio Aemilianus 112 J & 2 cousins inherit kingship War with Rome Marius (quaestor, Sulla) comes to fore

6. Marius in North Africa and Gaul New Army Successive consulships Political efforts “Social Wars” 91-88 BC Sulla is hero and elected consul Mithridates in Asia Sulla given command, but Marius mingling in politics again with Sulpicius Rufus Sulla recalled from command

7. 1 st Civil War - Sulla marches on Rome 2 nd Civil War – Marius & Cinna march on Rome Reign of Terror Sulla marches back – takes Rome and initiates longer Reign of Terror with PROSCRIPTIONS 82-79 BC Sulla holds continuous dictatorship

8. Sulla’s Changes Military colonies (filled with his veterans) Restoration of Senatorial powers Weakening of Assembly (requires Senatorial approval for any legislation) Weakening Tribuneship – limited to intercession Reformed judicial system – standing courts and Senatorial juries

9. 48 years of struggle left - Triumvirates 1 st Triumvirate – Pompey, J. Caesar, Crassus (60-49 BC) 2 nd Triumvirate – Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus (43-31 BC) Power lies with the army.

10. Octavian left alive. Pax Augusta