1. Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research University of Nevada, Reno Student Paper Yue Zhao Exploration of Pedestrian Gap Acceptance at Two-Way Stop-Controlled Intersections using Simulation Yue Zhao Graduate Research Assistant Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Nevada, Reno Email: yuezhao118@gmail.com 1

2. Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research University of Nevada, Reno Student Paper Yue Zhao Outline  Background  Simulation Model  Data Analysis  Conclusions 2

3. Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research University of Nevada, Reno Student Paper Yue Zhao 3Background TWSC intersection: high degree of discretion to individual drivers and pedestrians in how they react to conflict traffic streams. Pedestrian behavior plays an important role in analyzing the operations of two-way stop-controlled intersections: pedestrian blockage. Major-street vehicles: stopMajor-street vehicles: stop Minor-street vehicles: lose the opportunity to seek gapsMinor-street vehicles: lose the opportunity to seek gaps

4. Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research University of Nevada, Reno Student Paper Yue Zhao 4Background Pedestrian gap acceptance: time between the head of consecutive vehicle Arrive-Wait-Service-Depart

5. Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research University of Nevada, Reno Student Paper Yue Zhao 5Background Methodology Simulation models: Vissim and Corsim micro-simulation environment.Simulation models: Vissim and Corsim micro-simulation environment. Objectives: Analyzing and comparing diverse pedestrian gap acceptance behaviors at TWSC locations.Analyzing and comparing diverse pedestrian gap acceptance behaviors at TWSC locations. Measure the acceptable gap and rejected gap thresholds.Measure the acceptable gap and rejected gap thresholds.

6. Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research University of Nevada, Reno Student Paper Yue Zhao 381ft 6 Model Construction Data Collection Typical TWSC intersection; Traffic and pedestrian volumes on each approach during peak hour(4-5pm) were counted manually.Typical TWSC intersection; Traffic and pedestrian volumes on each approach during peak hour(4-5pm) were counted manually. 4:00-5:00 pmW 1ST STREET & Ralston Street Traffic Volume NBLNBTNBRSBLSBTSBREBLEBTEBRWBLWBTWBR 56234478591293120771129943 Pedestrian MA-WBMA-SBMI-NBMI-SB 1881222 4:00-5:00 pmW 1ST STREET & Bell Street Traffic Volume NBLNBTNBRSBLSBTSBREBLEBTEBRWBLWBTWBR 222332562266781063412014598 Pedestrian MA-WBMA-SBMI-NBMI-SB 152165

7. Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research University of Nevada, Reno Student Paper Yue Zhao 7 Model Construction Model Coding VISSIM: defines pedestrians as vehicles to extract gap acceptance etc. data.VISSIM: defines pedestrians as vehicles to extract gap acceptance etc. data. CORSIM(NETSIM & FRESIM): light, moderate, and heavy pedestrians.CORSIM(NETSIM & FRESIM): light, moderate, and heavy pedestrians. Vehicle and pedestrian demands; Basic geometric properties of the study intersections; Pedestrian behavior attributes.

8. Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research University of Nevada, Reno Student Paper Yue Zhao 8 Model Construction Model Calibration Pedestrian and vehicle flows, speeds, travel time reflect those observed data in the field.Pedestrian and vehicle flows, speeds, travel time reflect those observed data in the field.

9. Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research University of Nevada, Reno Student Paper Yue Zhao 9Analysis Delay Analysis Pedestrian delay: relatively smallPedestrian delay: relatively small

10. Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research University of Nevada, Reno Student Paper Yue Zhao 10 Accepted and Rejected Gap Accepted gap: [4, 12] Rejected gap: [0, 5.5] Approximately 2 seconds overlap: [3, 5]

11. Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research University of Nevada, Reno Student Paper Yue Zhao 11Analysis  Accepted Gap and Rejected Gap Near-side and far-side accepted and rejected gap.Near-side and far-side accepted and rejected gap. Shorter far-side gaps are accepted in both models.Shorter far-side gaps are accepted in both models. Near-gap and far-gap are recorded simultaneously when pedestrians make the decision to cross.Near-gap and far-gap are recorded simultaneously when pedestrians make the decision to cross. Potential dangerous behavior: some pedestrians pay little attention to the far-side incoming vehicles.Potential dangerous behavior: some pedestrians pay little attention to the far-side incoming vehicles.

12. Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research University of Nevada, Reno Student Paper Yue Zhao 12Analysis  Traffic and Pedestrian Volume Conflicting traffic volume increases  larger gaps accepted.Conflicting traffic volume increases  larger gaps accepted. Pedestrian volume increases  shorter gaps accepted.Pedestrian volume increases  shorter gaps accepted.

13. Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research University of Nevada, Reno Student Paper Yue Zhao 13Conclusions  Pedestrians are in the similar circumstances with vehicles on minor-street.  Pedestrian gap acceptance is from 4 to 12 seconds, and rejected gaps are around 0 to 5.5 seconds. Shorter far-side gaps are accepted.Shorter far-side gaps are accepted. 2 seconds overlap between accepted and rejected gaps.2 seconds overlap between accepted and rejected gaps.  VISSIM provides more detailed coding platform and information.

14. Center for Advanced Transportation Education and Research University of Nevada, Reno Student Paper Yue Zhao 14 THANKS FOR YOUR TIME