1. By: Bushra Qureshi

2. Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale which are smaller than 100 nanometers. It is the construction items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products.

3. A nanometer (nm) is one billionth of a meter. The width of an average hair is 100,000 nanometers. Human blood cells are 2,000 to 5,000 nm long. A strand of DNA has a diameter of 2.5 nm.

4.  Long, thin, cylindrical nanostructures which are allotropes of carbon.  They are hexagonal lattices of graphite rolled with ends covered by half a fullerene molecule.  There are Two types:  Single Wall Nanotube  Multi Wall Nanotube

5. Zigzag: rolled up graphite sheet Armchair: graphene sheet rolled in a 30 degree chiral angle Chiral Vector: rolled up Graphite sheet at an angle at the axis of the nanotube

6. Torus: bent carbon nanotubes that have magnetic moments and thermal stability. Nanobud: Combined carbon nanotubes and fullerenes which are covalently bonded to the outer sidewall; they are field emitters. Cup-stacked: stacked graphene layers that behave as metallic conductors of electron.

7. Strength: nanotubes are strong, hard and stiff from the covalent bonds formed between the carbon atoms. Kinetic: The inner nanotubes slide using almost no friction within the outer shell, which creates a linear or rotational bearing. Electrical: The unique symmetry of the electronic structure makes it a semiconductor. Thermal: Because they exhibit ballistic conduction they are excellent conductors.

8. Nanotechnology is useful in: Security Sensors Communication Environment Renewable Energy Remediation Medicine Detection and Diagnosis Regeneration Treatment Food Antimicrobial Packaging Brand Protection Pesticide Reduction

9. Sensors: In order to protect biological and chemical threats, nanosensors are used to detect radioactive materials or toxins at the molecular and atomic level. In public water systems, sensors can test and detect small amounts of contaminations. Communication To protect computers and networks from attack, transistor- like nanoscale devices are integrated into the systems, making it impossible to crack the system.

10. Renewable Energy Development of solar panel to collect excessive energy and convert it to hydrogen and then store it. Remediation To clean up environmental problems, nanoparticles detoxify many contaminants and sense mercury vapor in the air.

11. Detection and Diagnosis: Working at the nanoscale can lead to the development of tools to detect multiple life threatening diseases before it overwhelms the body. Regeneration: Using nanotechnology to make a gel that initiates the the growth of nerve cells that are lost or damaged. To prevent body from rejecting artificial parts and stimulate the growth of bones and tissues. Treatment: Nanoscale drug carries which recognize diseased tissues and release the drug needed Enter damaged ells and release enzymes causing them to self destruct or repair cell.

12. Antimicrobial Packaging: Edible food films kills bacteria and detects the presence of E. Coli bacteria. Nano-enhanced barriers keeps food fresher Brand Protection: Nanobarcodes used to tag products and trace outbreaks. Pesticide Reduction: Nanofibers release pesticides to eliminate additional spray and chemicals which can leak in the water supply

13. Reduce water shortages Reduction of infectious disease Improve prices of electronic devices Conserve energy Protect environment Improve medical research and health care

14. Overuse of products could damage environment Nanotech weapons could lead to a dangerous arms race Introduction of new products can disrupt society Criminals and terrorist can misuse the technology Economic oppression from inflated prices Economic disruption from cheap products Cheap replication of products

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