1. BY: MILANA BERNASEK RN

2.  Know at least three components of the immune system  Describe at least two cells in the immune system and how they respond to infectious agents  Identify factors that influence the immune response to infectious agents

3.  The spleen-A staging ground and place where immune system cells confront foreign microbes.  The Lymphatic System-(1)Lymphatic vessels form a circulatory system that operated in close partnership with blood circulation. (2) carries lymph, a fluid that contains WBC’s (chiefly lymphocytes). And (3) lymph nodes provide “meeting grounds”.

4.  Arise in bone marrow  Myeloid progenitor cells develop into cells that respond early and nonspecifically to infection  Lymphoid progenitor cells develop into lymphocytes

5.  Mononuclear WBC’s produced in bone marrow  Two major classes: B cells (mature in bone marrow, produce antibodies and part of antibody-mediated immunity. T cells(mature in Thymus, coordinate entire immune response and eliminate viruses hiding in infected cells, Attack and destroy, Responsible for cell mediated (cellular) immunity.

6.  Substance, molecule, or agent (such as bacterium or virus) that triggers an immune response  Recognized by immune system as foreign

7.  Produced to target a specific antigen  When they combine with antigens, can activate a cascade of proteins (complement)  Complement works with antibodies to destroy foreign invaders

8.  Physical/mechanical barriers  Innate immune system  Adaptive (acquired) immune system

9.  Skin-first line defense  Flushing-tears, saliva, micturation, peristalsis  Acid contents of stomach; bile salts  Cilia action of lung and cough reflex  Mucous membranes  Inflammatory response and phagocytosis (see the video of phagocyte engulfing Aspergillus & Candid conidia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:s1- Polymorphonuclearcellswithconidiainliquidme dia.ogg. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:s1- Polymorphonuclearcellswithconidiainliquidme dia.ogg  Fever

10. 1. Vascular phase 2. Cellular phase 3. Healing phase

11.  Mechanical response  Pathogenic organisms survive best at normal body temperature  Immune system can kill pathogens by slightly raising body’s temperature  Negative aspect ◦ Release of cytokines that produce harmful effects

12. Cellular barriers ◦ Leukocytes involved ◦ Do not confer long lasting immunity ◦ Identify and eliminate pathogens Complement  Complex linear protein molecule  Called an “effector” molecule

13.  Leukocytes (WBC’s)  Neutrophils  Phagocytes  Basophiles  Eosinophils

14.  Humoral  Cell mediated  Lymphocytes involved  Two types

15.  Macrophage attracted to/ingests foreign antigen  Antigenic proteins cleaved: fragments appear on surface of macrophage  T cell sees macrophage with antigenic protein on surface and stimulates B cell  Stimulated B cell divides and makes plasma cells; plasma cells make antibodies Note: takes approx. 3 weeks after exposure for detectable antibodies to appear in the blood

16.  IgM-current disease; first at site of initial exposure  IgG-first with subsequent exposure  IgA-secreted on mucous membranes  IgE-allergic reactions  IgD-short-lived; cord blood  Note: A mnemonic to remember: ◦ IgM=I’ve got it and I’m making it ◦ IgG=I got it and it’s Gone

17.  Genetic deficiencies  Drugs  Cancer  Viral infections  Malnutrition  Stress  Iatrogenic factors

18.  The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by “foreign” invaders  When the immune system hits the wrong target or is crippled, it can unleash a torrent of diseases, including allergy, arthritis and AIDS

19.  EPI 201 ◦ Craig CG. Microbial Pathogenicity and Host Response In: Chapter 14, APIC text of Infection Control and Epidemiology, 3 rd ed. ◦ http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandin gcancer/immunesystem (National Cancer Institute. The Immune System http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandin gcancer/immunesystem ◦ http://www.nlaid.nih.gov/topics/immunesystem/pa ges/default.aspx (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious diseases. The Immune System) http://www.nlaid.nih.gov/topics/immunesystem/pa ges/default.aspx