1. 1 Virtue Ethics Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana

2. 2Introduction Common feature of the two theories we have seen: Morality = abstract and general rules Virtue Ethics: There is no absolute rule nor general recipe: we face particular situations for which we need to make the right particular decisions. - Ethics must be based on concrete experience - Ethics is like the art of construction, not the science of geometry: Any decision is objective, but flexible and context-dependent Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana

3. 3Aristotle The philosopher (4 th century BCE) -Socrates, Plato, Aristotle -The lyceum -Research in all domains -Empiricist The importance of ethics -Nichomachean Ethics -First separated, systematic treatment Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana

4. 4Outline The good life: the life of a virtuous man Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana Virtues: what are they? Virtues: how to acquire them? Conclusion on Virtue Ethics

5. 5Outline The good life: the life of a virtuous man Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana Virtues: what are they? Virtues: how to acquire them? Conclusion on Virtue Ethics

6. 6 The Good life: The Life of a Virtuous Man Who needs Ethics? - Experiences - The need for a sound and concrete plan to lead a good life How to do Ethics? - No general recipe - Follow role models Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana What is it to be a man of virtue? Virtue Ethics: Virtue Ethics is the view that what is right to do is to do whatever a man of virtue would do

7. 7 The Good life: The Life of a Virtuous Man Practical Wisdom Practical Wisdom: The man of virtue lives according to reason Argument: Living according to reason is the only way to flourish as a human being -Life shared with plants -Sentience and mobility shared with animals -Reason: humans only Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana Practical Wisdom: The man of virtue is committed to action Note: the hermit in the mountain is not a man of virtue

8. 8 The Good life: The Life of a Virtuous Man Practical Wisdom “Just as at the Olympic Games it is not the best-looking or the strongest men present that are crowned with wreaths, but the competitors (because it is from them that the winners come), so it is those who act that rightly win the honors and rewards in life” Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana

9. 9 The Good life: The Life of a Virtuous Man Virtue and Pleasure The man of virtue enjoys being virtuous: Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana Thinks?Acts?Feels? ViciousWrong way IncontinentRight wayWrong way ContinentRight way Wrong way VirtuousRight way  Feelings and emotions taken into account

10. 10 The Good life: The Life of a Virtuous Man Morality and Pleasure “Indeed, we may go further and assert that anyone who does not delight in fine actions is not even a good man; for nobody would say that a man is just unless he enjoys acting justly, nor liberal unless he enjoys liberal actions, and similarly in all the other cases. If this is so, then virtuous actions must be pleasurable in themselves.” Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana

11. 11 The Good life: The Life of a Virtuous Man Conclusion Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana Ethics: A sound and concrete plan for a good life Virtue Ethics: what is right is to do whatever the man of virtue would do The life of the man of virtue: - The man of virtue lives according to reason - The man of virtue is committed to action - The man of virtue enjoys being virtuous Ethics: A sound and concrete plan for a good life Virtue Ethics: what is right is to do whatever the man of virtue would do The life of the man of virtue: - The man of virtue lives according to reason - The man of virtue is committed to action - The man of virtue enjoys being virtuous  Virtue Ethics: a fully human life

12. 12Outline The good life: the life of a virtuous man Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana Virtues: what are they? Virtues: how to acquire them? Conclusion on Virtue Ethics

13. 13 Virtues: What are they? A List of Virtues A virtue for each sphere of “grounding experience” which together define the fully human life Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana Grounding ExperienceVirtue Important DamagesCourage BodyModeration Limited ResourcesJustice Personal PropertyGenerosity Self-appreciationGreatness of Soul Mild damagesMildness of temper SpeechTruthfulness Social associationGrace, Friendliness Others’ fortuneProper Judgment ConductPractical wisdom

14. 14 Virtues: What are they? The Appropriate Emotional Response Example: Courage - Grounding experience: important damages – death - Emotion: Fear – an important part of our lives - Courage: the appropriate amount of fear Virtues: Virtues are tendencies to display the emotional response which is appropriate to the situation at hand. Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana  What is the appropriate response?

15. 15 Virtues: What are they? The Doctrine of the Mean Virtues as a mean between two excesses Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana Grounding Experience DeficiencyVirtueExcess Important DamagesCowardiceCourageRashness Personal PropertyStinginessGenerosityWastefulness BodyIntemperanceModerationAscetism

16. 16 Virtues: What are they? Disclaimers Strong emotions are not always bad: The appropriate emotional response can be strong – but is still a mean! No General Rule: What counts as the appropriate response depends on the particular circumstances – but is still objective! Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana

17. 17 Virtues: What are they? Conclusion Virtues: - One virtue for each sphere of grounding experiences - Virtues are tendencies to display the emotional response which is appropriate to the situation at hand. - The right kind of emotional response is a mean between two excesses Virtues: - One virtue for each sphere of grounding experiences - Virtues are tendencies to display the emotional response which is appropriate to the situation at hand. - The right kind of emotional response is a mean between two excesses Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana

18. 18Outline The good life: the life of a virtuous man Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana Virtues: what are they? Virtues: how to acquire them? Conclusion on Virtue Ethics

19. 19 Virtues : How are they acquired? Human Nature Human’s nature: good or bad? - Men are not naturally good - Men are not naturally bad  The true nature of men is to be malleable – i.e to have a capacity for change Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana

20. 20 Virtues : How are they acquired? Habituation Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana Virtues and Vices are acquired by habituation: - We learn how to be virtuous in practicing virtue - Virtues become second natures - Analogy: learning a language or how to play an instrument - Example: Food

21. 21 Virtues : How are they acquired? Human nature and habituation Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana “In a word then, like activities produce like dispositions. Hence we must give our activities a certain quality, because it is their characteristics that determine the resulting dispositions. So it is a matter of no little importance what sorts of habits we form from the earliest age – it makes a vast difference, or rather all the difference in the world...”  It goes both ways !

22. 22 Virtues : How are they acquired? Human nature and habituation Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana How do we acquire virtues? - Human nature is to be malleable - Virtues – and vices! – are acquired by habituation  We become virtuous in acting like virtuous people  We ARE truly virtuous when the virtue has become a second nature How do we acquire virtues? - Human nature is to be malleable - Virtues – and vices! – are acquired by habituation  We become virtuous in acting like virtuous people  We ARE truly virtuous when the virtue has become a second nature

23. 23Outline The good life: the life of a virtuous man Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana Virtues: what are they? Virtues: how to acquire them? Conclusion on Virtue Ethics

24. 24 Virtue Ethics Method: No general rule – flexibility without giving up on objectivity Ethics: a sound and concrete plan to lead a good life Virtue Ethics: what is right is to do whatever the man of virtue would do The life of the man of virtue: The man of virtue lives according to reason, is committed to action, and enjoys being virtuous Virtues are tendencies to display the emotional response which is appropriate to the situation at hand -- a mean between two excesses – and are acquired by habituation Method: No general rule – flexibility without giving up on objectivity Ethics: a sound and concrete plan to lead a good life Virtue Ethics: what is right is to do whatever the man of virtue would do The life of the man of virtue: The man of virtue lives according to reason, is committed to action, and enjoys being virtuous Virtues are tendencies to display the emotional response which is appropriate to the situation at hand -- a mean between two excesses – and are acquired by habituation Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana

25. 25 Virtue Ethics What to take from it? Advantages: - A fuller notion of humanity – including emotions and feelings - A more concrete and practical take on morality – dependence on context Problems: - Incompleteness? does not give answers – compare with utilitarianism - No absolute rule – compare with duty theory Soazig Le Bihan -- University of Montana