1. Africa: Traditional Patterns of Life

2. Pre-Class Africa’s Child 1.How are girls viewed in some parts of Africa? 2.What are the consequences of forced marriage? 3.How is forced marriage connected to tradition? 4.What steps have been taken to protect girls in some parts of Africa? 5.In your opinion, what else can be done to protect girls in some parts of Africa?

3. 1. What holds society together? Family Loyalty

4. 2. Family of hunting and gathering societies? Groups of nuclear families

5. 3. Families of farming and herding societies? Extended families Worked as an economic unit for survival Families may work together on large projects

6. 4. What unites people beyond extended family? Why? Ties of kinship –Sharing lineage created bonds of loyalty and responsibility

7. 5. Define Lineage: –a group of distant relatives who trace their descent to a common ancestor Clan: –several lineages form a clan- shared duties and obligation toward one another

8. 6. Where did most people live? Small villages Some villages linked together as a part of a larger government connected to empires Tribal not as part of an empire

9. Benin Zulu

10. 7. Who made decisions that affected daily life? Village leaders –Council of elders –Village elders

11. 8. In many areas how were decisions for village and issues of justice decided? Full public discussions Goal was to reach a consensus (Common agreement) Community over individual Trial by Oil 3:06Trial by Oil

12. 9. Define Subsistence Farming Subsistence Farming: produce enough for own needs with little or no surplus

13. 10. What varied according to environment? Examples Methods of farming Examples: forest: slash and burn savanna: crop rotation

14. 11. How did people view the land in farming societies? Communal property –no ownership but family had the right to use their fair share

15. 12. What determined wealth in herding societies? Number of cattle

16. Massai

17. 13. Why were women seen as important in traditional society? Contributed to economic well being of family Worked the fields & took surplus to market Respected –Bore children, educated

18. 14. Describe the status of women. Varies- –some high status & leaders Wolof, Ashanti –Some women owned land and ruled the home Patriarchal: others had no power and were dominated by men

19. 15. Define Polygamy –practice of having more than one spouse Bride wealth –gift to bride’s family to recognize importance/respect of women

20. 16. Explain the two types of traditions that govern inheritance & descent Matrilineal –female lineage Patrilineal –male lineage

21. 17. What is the age-grade system? All boys and girls born in the same year Helps develop loyalty To learn values of society Rites of passage page 89

22. 18. What purpose does religion serve? As elsewhere helps unite a society Deals with origins, morality, right and wrong

23. 19. Describe traditional African Beliefs/ Indigenous beliefs? Indigenous beliefs: –original or local –Oral traditions – griot – West African Story teller West African Story teller Somewhat Monotheistic- –single supreme being that created the world with lesser gods and spirits for daily life Ancestor veneration: –ancestors can help or hurt the living

24. African Religion Humans Lesser Gods Medicine & Magic (Spirits) Ancestors Supreme Being

25. Anansi the SpiderAnansi the Spider 5:00

26. Body Modification 10:00

27. 20. Define Animism Belief that spirits live in the natural world

28. Animism 1:30

29. Traditional Religions 4:30

30. 21. What is the purpose of a Diviner and Healer? Diviner –To explain the cause of misfortune –Link between people and the spirits Healer –Seek cause of illness –Herbal medicines

31. 22. What major religions exist in Africa? Islam Christianity Judaism Hinduism