1. Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar1Modelling Essentials Model Parsimony vs. Model Simplicity.

2. Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar2Modelling Essentials Thinking Spatially  Begin by thinking about what your [spatial] output will be.  You can then subdivide this spatial information product into elements and operators.  Recognize spatial patterns.  Identify the processes that created the patterns.

3. Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar3Modelling Essentials Visible Patterns

4. Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar4Modelling Essentials Visible Patterns

5. Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar5Modelling Essentials Visible Patterns  Measuring Visible Patterns - Landscape Metrics  # of patches / area  Patch sizes & shapes  Patch densities & inter-patch distances  Isolation metrics  Perimeter-to-area ratios  Orientations

6. Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar6Modelling Essentials Functional Patterns  Not readily visible.  Latent Patterns:  Threshold dependent  Temporally unique

7. Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar7Modelling Essentials Tools for Identifying Patterns  The Landscape  Visual observations by domain experts.  Not necessarily the same as the GIS modeller.  Observations should be made:  At different times of the day;  In different seasons;  From different perspectives;  With different viewing tools.

8. Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar8Modelling Essentials Tools for Identifying Patterns  Literature Surveys  Within-domain surveys.  Extra-domain surveys.  Knowledge Engineering  Domain experts.  Expert Systems.

9. Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar9Modelling Essentials Tools for Identifying Patterns  Maps  Variations in themes, scales, projections, perspectives, dimensionalities, symbolisms …  Aerial Photography  Variations in tone, colour, texture, setting, scale, association, time …

10. Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar10Modelling Essentials Tools for Identifying Patterns  Satellite Imagery  Variations in spectral, spatial, temporal, radiometric resolutions.  Digital image analysis.  Statistical Techniques  Descriptive stats.  Correlation, regression.  Central tendency; spatial dispersion.

11. Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar11Modelling Essentials From Pattern to Process  Recognizing the spatial interactions of the problem  Sometimes determining the underlying processes that created the patterns; sometimes evaluating the effects of existing patterns on on-going processes.

12. Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar12Modelling Essentials From Pattern to Process  Go beyond pattern recognition into pattern description. Demers, M.N., 2002. GIS Modeling in Raster. Wiley.

13. Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar13Modelling Essentials Types of GIS Models  Purpose Models  Descriptive Models  Describe parts or all of a study area.  Passive.  E.g. a map.  Prescriptive Models  Prescribe best solutions.  Active.  E.g. best location analysis

14. Geog 409: Advanced Spatial Analysis & Modelling © J.M. Piwowar14Modelling Essentials Types of GIS Models  Methodological Models  Deterministic  Stochastic  Logistic Models  Inductive  Deductive