1. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Civil Rights – part 3
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

2. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Other Groups
Asian Americans
They are a dangerous
element. There is no
way to determine their
loyalty.
General
DeWitt
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

3. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Other Groups
Asian Americans
Korematsu v. United States
1944
The Court upheld the constitutionality of
internment of Japanese Americans
during WW II
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

4. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Other Groups
Native Americans
Indian Citizenship Act of . . .
Made Native Americans citizens
Gave right to vote
1924
California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

5. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Other Groups
Hispanics
Hernandez v. Texas
1954
The Court extended protection against discrimination to Hispanics widening definition of discrimination beyond race
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

6. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Other Groups
Hispanics
Key civil rights leader
Cèsar Chavez
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

7. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Other Groups
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)
Requires employers and public facilities to
make reasonable accommodations for
people with disabilities
Prohibits discrimination in employment
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

8. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Affirmative Action
In 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, which outlawed segregationist hiring policies by defense-related industries which held federal contracts.
During 1953 President Harry S. Truman's Committee on Government Contract Compliance urged the Bureau of Employment Security "to act positively and affirmatively to implement the policy of nondiscrimination "
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

9. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Affirmative Action
The actual phrase "affirmative action" was first used in John F. Kennedy's 1961 Executive Order 10925:
which requires federal contractors to "take affirmative
action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that
employees are treated during employment, without
regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.“
The same language was later used in Lyndon Johnson's 1965 Executive Order
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

10. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Affirmative Action
Johnson Speech in 1965
The voting rights bill will be the latest,
and among the most important, in a long series of victories.
But this victory--as Winston Churchill said of another triumph for freedom--"is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

11. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Affirmative Action
Johnson Speech in 1965
That beginning is freedom; and the
barriers to that freedom are tumbling down.
Freedom is the right to share, share fully and equally, in American society--to vote, to hold a job, to enter a public place, to go to school.
It is the right to be treated in every part of our national life as a person equal in dignity and promise to all others.
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

12. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Affirmative Action
Johnson Speech in 1965
But freedom is not enough.
You do not wipe away the scars of centuries by saying: Now you are free to go where you want, and do as you desire, and choose the leaders you please.
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

13. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Affirmative Action
Johnson Speech in 1965
You do not take a person who, for years,
has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him up to the starting line of a race and then say, "you are free to compete with all the others," and still justly believe that you have been completely fair.
Thus it is not enough just to open the gates of opportunity. All our citizens must have the ability to walk through those gates.
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

14. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Affirmative Action
Key Questions:
Equal Opportunity or Equal Results?
How achieve?
Key Concerns:
Quotas
Violate “equal protection”?
Reverse discrimination?
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

15. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Affirmative Action
Regents of the University of California
v. Bakke
1978
The Court held that race or ethnicity
can be one element in admissions
(among other elements) . . .
but quotas are not OK.
Allan Bakke
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

16. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Affirmative Action
Proposition 209
California
Banned affirmative action programs based on race, ethnicity, or gender in:
Hiring
Contracting
Educational admissions
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

17. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Affirmative Action
Gratz v. Bollinger
2003
In a 6-3 decision . . .
The Court held that the point system
used by the University of Michigan
was too much like a quota system,
and therefore unconstitutional.
CJ Rehnquist
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

18. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Affirmative Action
William Rehnquist
Served as a law clerk to a
Supreme Court justice involved
in the Brown decision.
In a memo to the justice concerning the
Brown case, the young Rehnquist wrote:
"Plessy vs. Ferguson was right
and should be reaffirmed."
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

19. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Affirmative Action
Grutter v. Bollinger
2003
In a 5-4 decision . . .
The Court held that the inclusion of
race as a “plus” in the University of
Michigan’s Law School admissions
process was individualistic and
non-mechanical, therefore OK.
Sandra Day
O’Connor
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

20. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Affirmative Action
Grutter v. Bollinger
2003
She further wrote that in using race
as a factor in admissions, colleges
would be "obtaining the educational
benefits that flow from a diverse
student body."
Sandra Day
O’Connor
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights

21. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights
Affirmative Action
3 Justifications in College Admissions
Rectify past discrimination
Create diversity of viewpoints & experience in the student body for educational purposes
Improve diversity in future leaders for society to better reflect the population
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Civil Rights