1. Session 07: C# OOP 4 Review of: Inheritance and Polymorphism. Static and dynamic type of an object. Abstract Classes. Interfaces. FEN 2013-04-011AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion

2. FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion2 Object-Oriented Programming “ The Three Pillars of OOP”: Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism The Substitution Principle

3. Recall: Quality Factors FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion3 The most important ones: –Reliability: –Correctness –Robustness –Modularity: –Extendibility –Reusability This is addressed through: –Inheritance and polymorphism

4. FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion4 Inheritance in C# Every method and property is inherited – constructors are not. private members are inherited, but are not directly accessible in the subclass. Every protected member of the base class is visible in subclasses, but hidden from other parts of the program. Members may be added in the subclass. Multiple inheritance is not supported (by classes). In C# every class inherits from Object.

5. FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion5 OO-Principles -inheritance Supports code-reuse. Existing classes may be extended through inheritance. Inheritance is to used as type specialisation, that is: we are modelling an “is-a” relationship between super- and subclass. For instance: CheckAccount is an Account, a special kind of account, but an account. So when we want to add specialised functionality to our system, inheritance may used by adding specialised classes. E.g.: CheckAccount may inherit BankAccount.

6. FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion6 Inheritance - redefining methods A method inherited from the base-class may be redefined (“overridden”) in the sub-class. For instance the Withdraw-method on Account/CheckAccout. In C# the must be specified “virtual” in the base-class and “override” in sub-class. The method in the sub-class has the same signature (name and parameter list) and the same return type as the method in the base-class. In the sub-class the redefined method in the base-class may be called using base.methodName();

7. FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion7 Inheritance - polymorphism All reference variables in C# may refer to objects of subtypes. In the case of virtual methods it is first at execution time it is determined which method exactly is to be called. The method called is the one defined on the object that the reference currently is referring to. This is called dynamic binding – the call is bound to an actual code segment at runtime (dynamically).

8. FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion8 Polymorphism/Dynamic Binding The way it used to be: Employee programmer = new Employee(“H. Acker","Programmer",22222); Static type = Dynamic type Static method call Static type Dynamic type Using polymorphism: Employee boss = new Manager(”Big Boss",”CEO",52525, 500); Dynamic type must be the same or a sub-type of the static type. The compiler checks method-calls on the static type. Runtime the call is bonded to the dynamic type (dynamic binding). Dynamic binding requires methods to be specified virtual in the base-class and explicitly overridden in the sub-classes. Dynamic type Statisc type

9. FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion 9 Example Let’s look at the implementation of the model from earlier Now: Employees at the cantina get double bonus. View Source (EmpProjectV2.rar)EmpProjectV2.rar

10. FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion10 Exercises – Solutions?..\lektion06\Session06.docx

11. Abstract Classes In many cases we have an inheritance hierarchy where every subclass must implement the same method, but differently. In this case we would like to declare the signature of the method in the base class, so that the compiler is able to perform static checking of calls to the method. This can be done by declaring the method abstract. When a class has one or more abstract methods, the class it selves must be declared abstract. FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion11

12. Class Diagram and Code In Client: AbstractBase a = new Concrete1(); AbstractBase b= new Concrete2(); a.foo(); b.foo(); FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion12 The dynamic type must be a subtype of the static type The compiler checks that foo() is defined on the static type Dynamic method lookup finds the right implementation of foo()

13. In C#: The definition of an abstract class FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion13 The implementation

14. In C#: In the client: FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion14 Cannot instantiate an abstract class.

15. Exercise Exercise 1 on Session07.docx.Session07.docx FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion15

16. FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion16 Inheritance - abstract classes A class that defines one or more methods that are not implemented is called abstract. And the non-implemented methods are specified abstract. An abstract class can not be instantiated. It can only serve as base-class. An abstract class can only be used as static type, not dynamic type for object. Abstract methods must be implemented in the sub- classes. Otherwise the subclass itself becomes abstract. So an abstract method defines or specifies functionality (but does not implement) what must be implemented in the subclasses. Constructors in an abstract class are only used by the constructors in the subclasses

17. FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion17 Inheritance - design considerations If we need a class to hold a list of employees, and it should be possible to add employees at the end of list, but nowhere else. Should we inherit Array or List or…? We are not to inherit at all!!! But use delegation. Inheritance is not to be used senselessly trying to reuse code! Inheritance is to be seen as sub typing! Inheritance models “is-a” relationships. Code-reuse is obtainable by using existing classes (composition, delegation etc.)

18. Interfaces An interface may be seen as a purely abstract class. –Interface: only method signatures, no implementation! (All methods are abstract) An interface represents a design. Example: –Using interfaces in the Dome example: –(In C# interfaces are normally named “ISomething” – here IItem) FEN 2013-04-0118AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion

19. Interfaces The Item must implement the interface (inherit it): FEN 2013-04-0119AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion

20. Interfaces The interface is now used as static type: FEN 2013-04-0120AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion

21. Interfaces We can also create an interface to the DomeDatabase class: FEN 2013-04-0121AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion Using the IItem interface as static type

22. Interfaces DomeDatabase class must implement the interface: FEN 2013-04-0122AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion

23. Interfaces In the main program: FEN 2013-04-0123AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion We only need to know the interface as static type

24. Why use interfaces? Formalise system design before implementation –especially useful with large systems. Contract-based programming –the interface represents the contract between client and object. Low coupling! –decouples specification and implementation. –facilitates reusable client code. –client code will work with both existing and future objects as long as the interface is not changed. Multiple inheritance –A class may implement several interfaces, but only inherit one class. (No competing implementations). FEN 2013-04-0124AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion

25. FEN 2013-04-01AK - IT: Softwarekonstruktion25 Exercises Exercise 2 and 3 on Session07.docx.Session07.docx