1. Daily TAKS Connection: Water as the Universal Solvent IPC(9): The student knows how solution chemistry is a part of everyday life. The student is expected to: (A) relate the structure of water to its function [as the universal solvent].

2. Solutions Remember the following types of mixtures suspension – a mixture that looks uniform when stirred or shaken that separates into different layers when no longer agitated colloid – a mixture of very tiny particles of pure substances that are dispersed in another substance but do not settle out of that substance emulsion – any mixture of immiscible liquids in which liquids are spread throughout one another solution – a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances uniformly spread through a single phase

3. Solutions Today, we’re going to focus on solutions. There are two important components of a solution: solute – the substance that dissolves solvent – the substance that does the dissolving

4. Solutions The rate that a solute is dissolved by a solvent depends on several factors: temperature – the hotter a solvent is, the faster a solute can dissolve shaking or stirring – the solute can be dissolved faster if more of its particles are moving and come into contact with the solvent surface area of the solute – a solute with larger surface area dissolves faster than one with a smaller surface area – crushing or breaking a large lump of solute will increase its surface area, making it dissolve faster

5. Solutions Not every substance can be dissolved into a given solvent... and not every solvent can dissolve every substance. when a substance cannot be dissolved into a given solvent, it is said to be insoluble in that solvent when a substance can be dissolved into a given solvent, it is said to be soluble in that solvent

6. Solutions Water – “the universal solvent” – the majority of substances can be dissolved in water. Water has one very special property that make it good at dissolving other substances – it is polar – that is it has a partially positively charged end (the Hydrogen end) and a partially negatively charged end (the Oxygen end). Because it is polar, it can dissolve other polar substances (like alcohols and sugars) as well as ionic compounds (like salts and acids). It cannot dissolve nonpolar substances (like gasoline or oils)

7. Question Which factor makes water an effective solvent? a. The presence of molecular oxygen b. Its lack of covalent bonds c. The polar nature of its molecules d. Its abundance on Earth’s surface

8. Question Which factor makes water an effective solvent? a. The presence of molecular oxygen b. Its lack of covalent bonds c. The polar nature of its molecules d. Its abundance on Earth’s surface

9. Question The structure of pure water makes it a good — a.solvent b.catalyst c.conductor d.nutrient

10. Question The structure of pure water makes it a good — a.solvent b.catalyst c.conductor d.nutrient

11. Question The diagram above shows water molecules and ions from an NaCl crystal. What is the most likely reason that each water molecule is arranged so that the oxygen part of the molecule faces a sodium ion? a.The oxygen in a water molecule contains a partial negative charge. b.Gravity rotates the oxygen atoms to face the more-massive sodium ions. c.Hydrogen atoms create repulsive forces with chloride ions. d.Oxygen atoms form covalent bonds with sodium ions.

12. Question The diagram above shows water molecules and ions from an NaCl crystal. What is the most likely reason that each water molecule is arranged so that the oxygen part of the molecule faces a sodium ion? a.The oxygen in a water molecule contains a partial negative charge. b.Gravity rotates the oxygen atoms to face the more-massive sodium ions. c.Hydrogen atoms create repulsive forces with chloride ions. d.Oxygen atoms form covalent bonds with sodium ions.

13. Properties of Water that Never Change Water always contains two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom 2:1 ratio Formula: H 2 0 Water expands when frozen Becomes less dense Ice floats!! Very important to aquatic life!!

14. Question Fish survive through severe winters because of the property of water that allows water to — a.form chemical bonds as it freezes, raising the water temperature below the ice b.increase in density while it freezes, dissolving more oxygen from the air c.expand when it freezes, creating a floating and insulating layer of ice d. precipitate vital nutrients when it freezes, increasing the food supply

15. Question Fish survive through severe winters because of the property of water that allows water to — a.form chemical bonds as it freezes, raising the water temperature below the ice b.increase in density while it freezes, dissolving more oxygen from the air c.expand when it freezes, creating a floating and insulating layer of ice d. precipitate vital nutrients when it freezes, increasing the food supply