1. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities1 PowerPoint ® Slides to Accompany A Gift of Fire : Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues for Computers and the Internet (2nd Edition) by Sara Baase San Diego State University PowerPoint slides created by Sherry Clark Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall

2. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities2 A Gift of Fire Professional Ethics and Responsibilities Ethics Ethical Guidelines for Computer Professionals Cases

3. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities3 Ethics Professional Ethics Categories: Medical, Legal, Accounting, Computer, …and more. Q : What are the special responsibilities of these professionals?

4. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities4 Ethics Computer Ethics Special Responsibilities Facing Computer Professionals and Users Maintaining relationships with and responsibilities toward customers, clients, coworkers, employees, and employers. Making critical decisions that have significant consequences for many people. Determining how to manage, select, or use computers in a professional setting. Q : Describe an ethical scenario for one of the categories, above.

5. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities5 Ethics “Do the Right Thing” Behaving Ethically Includes: Being honest. Keeping promises. Doing your job well. Not stealing. Q : What other behaviors are usually considered “doing the right thing?”

6. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities6 Ethics Ethical Views Deontological Emphasizes duty and absolute rules. Rules should apply to everyone. Use logic or reason to determine what is good. Treat people as an ends (not a means). Q : Describe “rules” that follow deontological decision-making that apply to school or work.

7. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities7 Ethics Ethical Views (cont’d) Consequentialist Includes Utilitarianism Strive to increase “utility” (that which satisfies a person’s needs and values) for the most people (the greater good). Consider the consequences for all affected people. Q : Describe “rules” that follow consequentialist decision-making that apply to school or work.

8. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities8 Ethics Ethical Views (cont’d) Consequentialist (cont’d) Rule-Utilitarianism: Choose rules, or guidelines for behavior, that generally increase utility. Act-Utilitarianism: Analyze each action to determine if it increases utility. Q : What are some problems with act-utilitarianism?

9. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities9 Ethics Ethical Views (cont’d) Natural Rights Derived from the nature of humanity Focus is on the process by which people interact. Respect the fundamental rights of others, including life, liberty, and property. Q : Describe an ethical scenario about use of a computer system and tell what rights the people involved have.

10. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities10 Ethics Ethical Views (cont’d) Reaching the Right Decision There is no formula to solve ethical problems. The computer professional must consider trade-offs. Ethical theories help to identify important principles or guidelines. Q : What trade-offs might a computer professional need to consider?

11. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities11 Ethics Ethical Views (cont’d) Some Important Distinctions Right, Wrong, and Okay: acts may be ethically obligatory, ethically prohibited, or ethically acceptable. Negative rights (liberties): the right to act without coercive interference. Positive rights (claim-rights): imposing an obligation on some people to provide certain things. Causing harm: some acts may cause harm to others but are not necessarily unethical. Q : Describe an ethical scenario involving a computer professional that illustrates one of the items above.

12. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities12 Ethics Ethical Views (cont’d) Some Important Distinctions (cont’d) Goals vs. actions: the actions we take to achieve our goals should be consistent with our ethical constraints. Personal preference vs. ethics: some issues we disapprove of because of our dislikes, rather than on ethical grounds. Law vs. ethics: some acts are ethical, but illegal; other acts are legal, but unethical. Q : Describe an ethical scenario involving a computer professional that illustrates one of the items above.

13. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities13 Ethical Guidelines for Computer Professionals Special Aspects of Professional Ethics Computer Professionals: Are experts in their field, Know customers rely on their knowledge, expertise, and honesty, Understand their products (and related risks) affect many people, Follow good professional standards and practices, Maintain an expected level of competence and are up-to-date on current knowledge and technology, and Educate the non-computer professional. Q : Recall a computer professional who demonstrated some of these characteristics.

14. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities14 Ethical Guidelines for Computer Professionals Professional Codes ACM and IEEE CS Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice ACM ACM Code of Ethics Ethical Behaviors Expected of the Computer Professional: Honest and fair; respects confidentiality; maintains professional competence; understands relevant laws; respects and protection of personal privacy; avoids harming others; and respects property rights. Q : How does a software engineer “learn” to be ethical?

15. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities15 Ethical Guidelines for Computer Professionals Additional Guidelines for the Computer Professional Understand Success Understand what success means—developers (especially) and users of computer systems must see beyond simply writing code to complete a task. Design for Real Users To provide useful systems, real users must be included in the design stage. Q: Give an example of a system for which consultation with real users in the design stage would be important.

16. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities16 Ethical Guidelines for Computer Professionals Additional Guidelines for the Computer Professional (cont’d) Thorough Planning and Scheduling Pay attention to details—do a thorough and careful job when planning and scheduling a project and when writing bids. Test With Real Users To provide safe systems, real users must be included in the testing stage. Q: Give an example of a system that has a straightforward user interface. A confusing interface. Would testing with real users improve the confusing one?

17. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities17 Ethical Guidelines for Computer Professionals Additional Guidelines for the Computer Professional (cont’d) Evaluate Re-use of Software Don’t assume existing software is safe and re-usable. Candidness Be open and honest about capabilities, safety, and limitations of software. Protect Require a convincing case for safety. Q : Describe a software program or computer system for which you think these guidelines were not followed.

18. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities18 Cases Analyzing a Professional Ethical Scenario Brainstorming phase List risks, issues, problems, consequences. List all the stakeholders. List possible actions. Q : What is the purpose of this stage?

19. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities19 Cases Analyzing Professional Responsibilities (cont’d) Analysis phase Identify the responsibilities of the decision-maker. Identify the rights of stakeholders. Consider the impact of the action options on the stakeholders. Find sections in codes of ethics that apply. Categorize each potential action or response as ethically obligatory, ethically prohibited, or ethically acceptable. Consider the ethical merits of each option and select one. Q : What is the value of this stage?

20. A Gift of Fire, 2edChapter 10: Professional Ethics and Responsibilities20 Cases Applying the Brainstorming and Analysis Phases Refer to any of the cases in the text or the general exercises following each chapter or current scenarios in the news.