1. Evolutionary timing – Molecular clock

2. Human evolutionary history Humans show similarities with ‘apes’ (gibbons, orang, gorilla, chimps) shared derived traits: large brain, no tail, more upright posture other Old World monkeys ‘apes’ and humans increased brain size loss of tail upright posture

3. Human evolutionary history Humans show similarities with African ‘great apes’ (gorilla, chimps) shared derived traits: elongated skull, less hairy, brow ridge other Old World monkeys gorilla,chimps and humans increased brain size loss of tail upright posture gibbons skull elongation loss of some hair brow ridge orang

4. Human evolutionary history Which are closer: gorilla & chimps, humans & chimps, human & gorilla? other Old World monkeys gorilla,chimps and humans increased brain size loss of tail upright posture gibbons skull elongation loss of some hair brow ridge orang ?

5. Human evolutionary history Which are closer: gorilla & chimps or humans & chimps? are traits shared derived versus convergent / lost? human similarities in teeth, skull, genitals gorilla ? chimps human knucklewalking morphology gorillachimps

6. Human evolutionary history Molecular data suggests chimps and human are close relatives human similarities in teeth, skull, genitals gorilla  chimps human knucklewalking morphology gorillachimps DNA similarities common ancestor ~5 million yrs ago

7. Human evolutionary history Molecular data suggests chimps and human are close relatives human similarities in teeth, skull, genitals gorillachimps DNA similarities common ancestor ~5 mya hunting, simple tools, complex social behavior

8. Human evolutionary history Humans’ closest living relatives are chimpanzees shared derived traits: morphological: skull, teeth, genitals behavioral: hunting, tool use, social behaviors other Old World monkeys chimps increased brain size loss of tail upright posture gibbons skull elongation loss of some hair brow ridge orang gorillahuman similarities in teeth, skull, genitals many unique traits

9. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.3 Millions of years ago Australopithecus anamensis Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba Orrorin tugenesis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus robustus Australopithecus boisei Homo ergaster Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens ?

10. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The earliest hominids were a diverse group –Various species of Australopithecus date from about 4 to 1 million years ago –Our own species, Homo sapiens, is the only hominid that has not become extinct

11. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Australopithecines had relatively small brains –This indicates that bipedalism preceded the evolution of the enlarged brain –Bipedalism is a basic human trait 19.4 Upright posture evolved well before our enlarged brain Figure 19.4

12. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homo habilis, an early African hominid, coexisted with some of the australopithecines –They had larger brains and made simple tools –They may also have given rise to the more advanced Homo erectus Homo erectus spread out of Africa over most of the Old World –They eventually gave rise to Homo sapiens 19.5 Homo and the evolution of larger brains

13. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings One of the regional descendents of H. erectus was the stocky and muscular Neanderthals –They lived throughout Europe from about 200,000 to 40,000 years ago 19.6 When and where did modern humans arise? Figure 19.6

14. A brief history of human brains  Neandertals - large brains 200,000 years ago  Modern homo sapiens (and their brains) evolved ~ 100,000 years ago in africa  Most toolmaking came tens of thousands of years later  Agriculture and the rapid growth of human populations came 90,000 years later

15. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Some paleoanthropologists think that modern humans arose from the regionally diverse populations of archaic Homo sapiens in Africa, Europe, and Asia Others believe that modern Homo sapiens came from a second group in Africa –This group arose around 100,00 years ago –They migrated out of Africa –They replaced regional populations of archaic peoples

16. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major milestones in the evolution of Homo sapiens are the evolution of –an erect stance –a large brain –a prolonged period of parental care 19.7 Culture gives us enormous power to change our environment OUR CULTURAL HISTORY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

17. Evolution

19. Evolution of mind  The mind evolved just like the rest of the body. The principle is clear, but the details are highly contentious  What might have been a driving force for human minds?  The mind evolved just like the rest of the body. The principle is clear, but the details are highly contentious  What might have been a driving force for human minds?

21. Evolution

26. The Mating Mind Geoffrey Miller Why do we have big brains?

27. Evolution of the brain Evolution of the brain  Brain is expensive brain energy use as a percent of resting body usage most vertebrates: 2 to 8% apes and some monkeys: 13% Humans: 20%  Evolution requires you to pay your way as you go; no investment for 50,000 years in the future  What was the brain used for in the mean time?

28. Forms of Darwinian Selection  Natural selection "nature red in tooth and claw" competition for food and for staying alive  Sexual selection Competition for mates

29. Sexual Selection  Female mate selection asymmetry of costs lead to male display and female selection male birds generally have the plumage male humans have orgasm relatively easily, females less easily Females are choosing  but also male selection in humans - why? hidden estrous requires multiple copulations male investment in childrearing?? or just ongoing courtship

30. The Handicap Principle  Handicap’s provide useful signalsthat the male is fit Handicaps in human  Aside: the immorality of handcap  Sexual selection causes runaway "fads" peacock's feathers

31. Advertising fitness  Fitness Genetic quality Health and nutrition  Sports what do you win? - status  Conspicuous consumption  Conspicuous generosity not kinship or reciprocal altruism

32. External Phenotype  Genes for spiders web beavers nest Bowerbird’s bowers Human handaxes? Human art?

33. Bower Birds

34. Art as sexual selection?  We like art because we find it beautiful and fullfilling we like eating good food because it tastes good why?  Clothes, jewlery, body paint long before European cave paintings of 30,000 years ago More common for males  artist if asked why they do it, might not say it is for sex  Art requires male brains to produce and female to appreciate/select)

35. Courtship in the pleistocene - and now  meat hunting sustinance? but not efficient to hunt big animals buying sexual favors? but mostly not directed to potential maies display of fitness end up giving most of it away  assortive mating  giving of flowers or champagne brings pleasure not usefullness. - but why pleasure? certainly not a "fair exchange" for a prostitute

36. Hot vs. Cold choosers  Cold hardwired algorithm for choosing a good mate  Hot derives pleasure (curiosity, warmth, happiness, awe, lust, adoration) pick mate that makes you feel best  Cold and hot appears to give identical behavior how would you know if the computer is happy?  but hot provides a much more general mechanism happiness can result from good food, good nest, thriving children...

37. 16-05 W. W. Norton Subliminal semantic categorization a) LVF b) RVF

38. 16-07 W. W. Norton Prior exposure to one of top two pictures biases perception of character of neutral boy

39. 16-09 W. W. Norton Dissociation between priming and explicit memory

40. 16-12 Cotterill, R.M.J. (1997). On the neural correlates of consciousness. Jpn. J. Cogn. Sci. 4:31-34.

41. 16-14 W. W. Norton “The chicken claw goes with chicken and you need a shovel to clean out the chicken shed.” Is there a left frontal interpreter or scenario generator? Efron’s simultaneity

42. 16-15 W. W. Norton

43. Evolution 1.Temporal lobe epilepsy and religious visions 2.Ramachandran’s experiments with TLE 3.Historical figures Moses, St. Paul, Ellen G. White 4.Heritability (.45)

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