1. Why is industry/manufacturing located where it is?
Begin theory…. Now!

2. The Paris Basin is the Industrial base of France
The Paris Basin is the Industrial base of France. Rouen (above) is at the head of navigation point on the Seine River.

3. Location Theory
Alfred Weber
Location Theory – predicting where a business will or should be located.
Location of an industry is dependent on economic, political, cultural features as well as whim.
Location Theory Considers:
Variable costs-energy, transportation costs & labor costs
Friction of distance-increasing distance =increased time & cost
Alfred Weber wrote Theory of the Location of Industries in 1909

4. Manufacturing plants will locate where costs are the least.
Location Models
Weber’s Model-The Least Cost Theory
Alfred Weber, ( ) a German economists, published Theory of the Location of Industries in His theory was the industrial equivalent of the Von Thunen Model.
Manufacturing plants will locate where costs are the least.
Categories of Costs:
Transportation-the most important cost-usually the best site is where cost to transport raw material and finished product is the lowest
Labor-high labor costs reduce profit-location where there is a supply of cheap, non-union labor may offset transportation costs
Agglomeration-when a group of industries cluster for mutual benefit-shared services, facilities, etc.-costs can be lower
Deglomeration-when excessive agglomeration offsets advantage-eastern crowded cities

5. Weber’s Least-Cost Theory
One of his core assumption is that firms will chose a location in view to minimize their costs.

6. The Basics
Alfred Weber formulated a theory of industrial location in which an industry is located where the transportation costs of raw materials and final product is a minimum.

7. Ex: Copper production steel production
In one the weight of the final product is less than the weight of the raw material going into making the product. This is the weight losing or BULK-REDUCING industry.
Ex: Copper production
steel production

8. BULK-GAINING
In the other the final product is heavier than the raw material that require transport.
Usually this is a case of a raw material such as water being incorporated into the product.
This is called the weight-gaining or BULK – GAINING industries.

9. What happens when a variety of materials is needed for the production?
Production point moves closer to the heaviest raw material to balance transportation costs.

10. ENERGY SOURCE??
The availability of an energy supply is another factor in the location of industry, but the factor used to be much more important than it is today.
The early British textile mills were site-tied” because they depended on falling water to drive the looms.
Today, power comes from different sources and can be transmitted or transported over long distances.
Exceptions occur when an industry needs very large amounts of energy, for example, certain metallurgical and chemical industries.

11. Location Models
Hotelling’s Model-Harold Hotelling ( ) this economist modified Weber’s theory by saying the location of an industry cannot be understood with out reference to other similar industries-called Locational Interdependence
Losch’s Model-August Losch said that manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit. Theory: Zone of Profitability

12. How has Industrial Production Changed?

13. How has Industrial Production Changed?
Fordist – dominant mode of mass production during the twentieth century, production of consumer goods at a single site.
Post-Fordist – current mode of production with a more flexible set of production practices in which goods are not mass produced. Production is accelerated and dispersed around the globe by multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world.
Henry Ford introduced the assembly line production of automobiles which resulted in agglomeration of auto production in the Detroit and Great Lakes area-now known as the rust belt.
Bretton Woods agreement industrial countries adopted the gold standard-value of currency pegged to the value of gold-basis for prosperity and mass production by large corporations

14. Time-Space Compression
Just-in-time delivery
rather than keeping a large inventory of components or products, companies keep just what they need for short-term production and new parts are shipped quickly when needed.
Global division of labor
corporations can draw from labor around the globe for different components of production.
Containers await shipment in China
Bottom Container ship from Europe enter Halifax, Canada’s harbor
Major corporations: General Motors, Union Carbide, Exxon and others take advantage of the low transport costs, expanding information technology and favorable government regulations to outsource jobs to specific locations.
Multinational Corporations move labor-intensive manufacturing to peripheral countries where laobr is cheap
Core manufacturing is increasingly automated

15. Modern Production Outsourcing – Offshore –
moving individual steps in the production process (of a good or a service) to a supplier, who focuses their production and offers a cost savings.
Offshore –
Outsourced work that is located outside of the country.

16. Nike (A Light Industry)-Headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon, Nike has never produced a shoe in Oregon. Beginning in the 1960s, Nike contracted with an Asian firm to produce its shoes.
Skopje, Macedonia-The swoosh is ubiquitous, but where is the shoe produced? Nike has a global network of international manufacturing and sales.

17. Outsourcing vs. offshoring wage growth?
Maquiladora Part 2

18. New Influences on the Geography of Manufacturing
Transportation-intermodal connections where air, rail, truck, ship and barge connect-eases flow of goods-e.g. container shipping… Break of Bulk points.
WTO 148 states in 2005 works to negotiate trade agreements

19. New Influences on the Geography of Manufacturing
Regional and global trade agreements-WTO, Benelux, European Union, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, SAFTA, CARICOM, ANDEAN AFTA, COMESA, etc. goal to ease flow of goods by eliminating trade tariffs or quotas
Energy-coal was replaced by natural gas & oil after WW II-transported by pipeline or tanker
WTO 148 states in 2005 works to negotiate trade agreements

20. Europe-despite North Sea Oil-still must import
Mexico & Canada oil and natural gas
U.S. uses 27% if oil & 37% of natural gas produced in the world. Dependent on imported oil… Impact of the Bakken???
OPEC: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Russia large oil reserves

21. Deindustrialization –
a process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and work through a period of high unemployment.
Abandoned street in Liverpool, England, where the population has decreased by one-third since deindustrialization
Liverpool
Detroit

22. The Rust Belt vs The Sun Belt
Flow of population.

24. THE END