1. An empirical study on the determinants of essential patent claims in compatibility standards Rudi Bekkers,Rene Bongard,Alessandro Nuvolari Research Policy 40(2011) 1001-1015 電管所碩一 R96001112 趙振傑

2. Outline  Introduction  Essential patents and compatibility standards  Data:the case of W-CDMA  Multivariate analysis  Conclusion and discussion

3. Use extensive analysis on a publicly available list of self- declared essential patents for W-CDMA. What degree patents are claimed to be essential in a standardisation process on the basis of the merit of their specific technological contribution, or the result of the patent owner’s involvement in the standardisation process. Members of a standards body thus offering members that are involved several types of opportunities to influence the very technical content of standards. As a consequence, patents may be brought into the standard. Standards aim at ensuring equal access to the technology for all stakeholders. Patents establish temporary, exclusionary rights on the use of inventions. Because standards bodies have developed policies that require the members of the standards body to disclose their essential patents. But it will reveal the technical value of the patent. Introduction What is standard and patent? Why the essential patents must be discosed? Who draw up the standards? What is research purpose? How to perform?

4. Essential patents and compatibility standards The firm obtains a dominant market position, competition authorities may try to enforce that third parties have better access to the standard, however, standards are the result of a negotiation process between two or more stakeholders Formal bodies Adhere to a number of criteria, including openness to participate, consensus-based decision- making/due process, open access to documentation, and intellectual property rules. Consortia and fora Might Also meet these criteria, but may also choose not to do so. Depending on the exact context, firms may perfer one type of standards body.

5. Essential patents and compatibility standards (F)RAND is… The most common way in which standard-developing organisations now deal with patents An acronym that refers to the Fair, Reasonable and Non-discriminatory conditions (F)RAND covers… Copyrights Trademarks Database rights Industrial design rights Patent (F)RAND follows… 1.Holders of IPR will be rewarded in a suitable and fair manner. 2.Members will make a reasonable effort to inform the SDO of relevant IPRs of which they are aware. 3.If an essential IPR is identified, the SDO will request its holder to make licenses available under (F)RAND terms 4.Members can choose not to license an IPR, (F)RAND will tithdraw the standard or stop working on it

6. Essential patents and compatibility standards The technological value of the patent as a determinant of essentiality Hypothesis 1. The intrinsic technological value of a patent increases the likelihood of that the patent will be claimed essential to a standard. How to measure the technological value? Use the number of forward citations, because it means the technological solution outlined in the patent serves as a basis for a large number of subsequent technological development.

7. Essential patents and compatibility standards Firm strategies and essential patents Hypothesis 2. The active involvement of the holder of a patent in the standards creation process in creases the likelihood of that patent being claimed essential to a standard. How to measure the active involvement ? Use the number of work items and voting weight, because the number of work items supported reflects a more active degree of participation and voting weight are assigned to companies in relation to the contribution fees to ETSI.

8. Essential patents and compatibility standards Research question and our approach 1. This paper aims to provide a detailed assessment of the role played by these two types of determinants. 2. This paper analyze a set of essential patents of the W-CDMA 3. This paper constructed a set of (non-essential)control patents that mirrors out essential patents 4. This paper use a binomial logit model for assessing the determinants of essentiality declaration decisions

9. Data : the case of W-CDMA Data sources 1.A ETSI’s database which contains 18.734 patents. 7090 are essential patents that are not relevant for our research, for example GSM. Withdrawn and inactive patents have been deleted from the selection. We continued with all patents for which we could identify a US patent number. 2.Using updated version of the NBER database for the number of citations. 3.Only use USPTO class patents. The reason for this choice is that US patent citations are more representative of the value of the patent.

10. Data : the case of W-CDMA

15. Multivariate analysis 1.In the first set the variable capturing the role of strategic factors as determinant of the probability of a patent being claimed essential is the number of work items supported 2.In the second set this paper use the voting weight instead 3.In both case the variable assessing the role of the intrinsic value of the patent is measured using the variable “adjusted forward citations” 4.This paper introduce two dummy variables for controlling for patents owned by Qualcomm and Interdigital

16. Multivariate analysis

18. Conclusion and discussion 1.The involvement in the process is a stronger determinant than the technical value of the patent. 2.This study is the first one that has considered both effects simultaneously. 3.If we remove the Qualcomm patents from our database, we see that the influence of the technical importance of patents on essentiality is reduced, so Qualcomm’s patents are of high technical importance, and this firm was not behaving strategically in the standard setting process

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