1. Software Defined Networking (SDN) Tim Chown Electronics and Computer Science University of Southampton tjc@ecs.soton.ac.uk 6 th May 2014 Software Defined Networking - Introduction1

2. Software Defined Networking The aim of this lecture is to give you some insight into SDN as a new trend in network provisioning Starting to see some significant deployments appearing – Currently typically within data centres – One example is Google Andromeda – in the news last month Key takeaway from this lecture is the principle behind SDN, and how it can be implemented using OpenFlow At the end of the slide deck we give you pointers to an example that you can try later using Mininet – SDN using open source components Software Defined Networking - Introduction2

3. SDN in context One part of a number of interesting emerging trends Software Defined Networking (SDN) Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) – Network as a Service (NaaS) – One of many *aaS services Service Function Chaining (SFC) – Directing traffic through virtualised services Firewall, NAC, DDoS mitigation, IDS, … – New IETF SFC WG just formed – very popular Software Defined Networking - Introduction3

4. Existing switching / routing Switching and routing today uses dedicated hardware – Commonly combined in one device Routers: – Control plane – routing protocol, e.g. OSPF, BGP – creates the Routing Information Base (RIB) – Data plane – Forwarding Information Base (FIB), written by control plane, from RIB information it holds – Management plane – via ssh, via SNMP Switches: – Dumb devices, optimised for fast layer 2 switching – Some additional capability, e.g. ACLs, DHCP snooping, … Software Defined Networking - Introduction4

5. Key SDN concepts Separation of control and data plane Centralising network ‘intelligence’ – Through one or more controller device(s) Enabling a ‘programmable’ network – Through a control protocol, running between the controller and the underlying network devices – e.g. using OpenFlow as the control protocol Highly dynamic – Can be per-flow, on demand Rapid provisioning Rapid innovation – Potentially no need to wait for new vendor features – In principle, can empower network owners Software Defined Networking - Introduction5

6. SDN drivers Changing traffic patterns – e.g. emerging data centre requirements – Need elasticity in services – Be able to meet peak demand; ‘big data’, peak hours – But don’t pay for capacity in quiet periods Abstraction of services from hardware – Firewalls, IDS, … – Need to be able to control traffic paths We have seen compute and storage functions virtualised – SDN is doing the equivalent for the network – One part of a bigger network function virtualisation picture Software Defined Networking - Introduction6

7. Challenges SDN might provide answers for – Complexity Devices have many protocols working in isolation A resulting tendency for networks to be static – Consistency (across a network) Simpler devices, single logical control point – Scalability With flexibility – Vendor independence Through generic interfaces to underlying functions Underlying equipment interoperable, e.g. via OpenFlow Software Defined Networking - Introduction7

8. SDN architecture – high level Software Defined Networking - Introduction8

9. OpenFlow OpenFlow is one way to implement a SDN – Origins in Stanford and Berkeley – Open interface to packet forwarding – Provides forwarding abstraction Two parts: – Control protocol – Configuration Software Defined Networking - Introduction9

10. The OpenFlow instruction set OpenFlow provides a “Match – Action” model Instructions can be programmed dynamically – On a per-flow basis, if required Allows a controller to populate a device flow table – e.g. “If see this header, send to port N” – “If see header like this, rewrite that part” – “If see this, drop the packet” – “Forward packets matching this a this bit rate” Default action is usually to send packet to controller Provides an abstraction of how all forwarding works today, as a set of “match – action” instructions Currently at OpenFlow version 1.4, or OF1.4 Software Defined Networking - Introduction10

11. Match – Action - Counters Software Defined Networking - Introduction11

12. Examples Software Defined Networking - Introduction12

13. Programming the network The ‘intelligence’ lies with the controller Can implement whatever algorithms you like in the controller for provisioning the devices – This in principle allows innovation – Could develop own load-balancing algorithms per application – Can’t do this with vendor-specific routers/switches Many open source controllers available – Mininet example later uses a modified NOX controller – Can rapidly prototype using mininet Strategies – Can prepopulate the flow table Might mean some rules/instructions never used – Can program on the fly Will mean some amount of flow creation latency Software Defined Networking - Introduction13

14. Example: video streaming Software Defined Networking - Introduction14

15. Google Andromeda Software Defined Networking - Introduction15

16. Standards development To be interoperable, we still need standards Open Networking Foundation (ONF) – Defining OpenFlow – Implemented on switches, routers, wireless APs, … – https://www.opennetworking.org/ https://www.opennetworking.org/ Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) – SDN RG, i2rs WG, SFC WG, … – http://www.ietf.org http://www.ietf.org European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) – Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) – http://www.etsi.org/technologies-clusters/technologies/nfv http://www.etsi.org/technologies-clusters/technologies/nfv … Software Defined Networking - Introduction16

17. SDN use cases SDN is being proposed for many scenarios, e.g.: – Data centres, cloud computing, campus networks, home networks, cellular access networks, … And for many use cases, e.g.: – Load balancing, enabling QoS, enforcing security policies, IPv6 transition, DDoS mitigation, device quarantining, … Growing vendor support: – Some 15 vendors of OpenFlow switches and routers – A growing number of software controllers Software Defined Networking - Introduction17

18. Example: OFERTIE ECS is part of a European research project called OFERTIE – http://www.ofertie.org/ http://www.ofertie.org/ – Six other project partners – developers, ISPs, … Applying SDN / OpenFlow to real-time interactive online applications (ROIAs) – Collaborative 3D editing software – Multiplayer gaming Allows analysis of use cases – Within a data centre (hosting provider, “server lag”) – Between ISPs (end user access networks) Had a 3 rd year intern on the project last summer – Watch out for adverts soon if you’re doing the MEng… Software Defined Networking - Introduction18

19. OFERTIE: ROIAs OFERTIE’s target application domain is Real- Time Online Interactive Applications (ROIAs) and their challenging network demands Example Application Scenarios: – Collaborative real-time world editor – Large-scale multiplayer online games Characteristics include: – High level of interactivity and update rates – Dynamically changing game situations – Network requirements change dynamically – Variable player loads over time – Impact of packet loss and latency on QoE will depend on what player is doing Software Defined Networking - Introduction19 Content (assets and artwork) by courtesy of PrävEM research group of the University of Applied Sciences Mittweida.

20. OFERTIE: Network QoS in ROIAs Specification of a novel API that allows ROIA applications to specify their dynamic network requirements and to meet them using SDN technology Improve network utilisation by allowing applications to signal type of traffic The API frees ROIA developers from specifying detailed, low-level network metrics Software Defined Networking - Introduction20

21. OFERTIE: Classes of data transfer ROIA data transfers can be classified into various categories: Game updates / State synchronisaton – Depends on number of players, proximity, and their activities State transfer/migration – e.g. need to migrate ten players (and their data) in 10 seconds – Network Control Layer can feed back to application on path availability Asset transfer (upload or download) – e.g. a 2MB asset in 1 minute, or 50MB in 30 seconds If the application developer can express these requirements, the Network Control Layer can make better decisions about provisioning the flows Software Defined Networking - Introduction21

22. OFERTIE: Network Control Layer Software Defined Networking - Introduction22

23. SDN – the road ahead? SDN promises a lot – The network abstraction is very appealing The OpenFlow specification hardening – Vendors now shipping OF1.3 support (but 1.4 now out!) – Lots of support out there Deploying SDN is a big challenge It can be deployed incrementally Examples already within data centres – e.g. Google Bigger challenge is end-to-end – Requires inter-ISP/site orchestration Software Defined Networking - Introduction23

24. Mininet SDN example If you’d like to get a feel for SDN in action… Grab mininet – http://mininet.org/download/ http://mininet.org/download/ Example is available via github – https://github.com/drn05r/ofsoftswitch13-testing https://github.com/drn05r/ofsoftswitch13-testing – Wiki contains a walkthrough and example exercises – Uses NOX OpenFlow 1.3 controller – Includes OpenFlow 1.3 tutorial – Uses IPv4, but IPv6 is also supported in latest OF specs Completely voluntary! – Will be part of the new COMP3210 next year Software Defined Networking - Introduction24

25. Links Open Networking Foundation (ONF) – https://www.opennetworking.org/ https://www.opennetworking.org/ Mininet – http://mininet.org/ http://mininet.org/ Early OpenFlow paper (2008): – http://archive.openflow.org/documents/openflow-wp-latest.pdf http://archive.openflow.org/documents/openflow-wp-latest.pdf SDN white paper (2012): – https://www.opennetworking.org/images/stories/downloads/sdn-resources/white- papers/wp-sdn-newnorm.pdf https://www.opennetworking.org/images/stories/downloads/sdn-resources/white- papers/wp-sdn-newnorm.pdf OFELIA presentation – http://www.fp7-ofelia.eu/assets/Publications-and-Presentations/SDN-The-Next-Wave-of- Networking.pdf http://www.fp7-ofelia.eu/assets/Publications-and-Presentations/SDN-The-Next-Wave-of- Networking.pdf Coursera – https://www.coursera.org/course/sdn (starts May 26th) https://www.coursera.org/course/sdn Google – http://googlecloudplatform.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/enter-andromeda-zone-google-cloud- platforms-latest-networking-stack.html http://googlecloudplatform.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/enter-andromeda-zone-google-cloud- platforms-latest-networking-stack.html Software Defined Networking - Introduction25