1. PARAPHRASING USING NOMINALS by A. Suzan Öniz

2. Paraphrasing is a necessary skill in academic writing when you want to refer to or borrow other people’s ideas. expresses what you understand from what you read & involves changing someone else’s ideas into your own words. is NOT copying the exact words or quoting a person directly. Prepared by A. Suzan Öniz, PhD

3. THREE STEPS IN PARAPHRASING: Original Sentence: Reading about a topic and taking part in discussions are two ways that can help students to produce ideas. VERB  NOMINAL: USING A NOMINAL INSTEAD OF THE VERB FORM 1. Replace the verb with a nominal, if possible: production of ideas. production Reading about a topic and taking part in discussions are two ways that can help students with the

4. 2. Find synonyms and change the order of the ideas: for learners if be easierof ideaswill a. The production they have read about a theme and discussed it. b. The production of ideas is... generally the result of reading about the subject and having discussions about it. c. Producing ideas iseasier for learnersafter reading about a subject and discussing it. Original Sentence: Reading about a topic and taking part in discussions are two ways that can help students to produce ideas.

5. d. When learners read about e. Learners can easily f. Learners can produce ideas by g. Reading about and h. Reading about a theme a topic andparticipate in discussions, then theycan easily produce ideas. produce ideas when they discussing an issue enable learners and discussing it make it read about a topic and participate in discussions. reading about a subject and participating in discussions. to produce ideas. easy for learners to find ideas. Original Sentence: Reading about a topic and taking part in discussions are two ways that can help students to produce ideas.

6. 3. Now decide which sentence is better. What’s the focus in each? a. will be easier for learners if they have read about a theme and discussed it. b. is generally the result of reading about the subject and having discussions about it. c. is easier for learners after reading about a subject and discussing it. d.When read about a topic and participate in discussions, then they can easily produce ideas. e.can easily produce ideas when they read about a topic and participate in discussions. f.can produce ideas by reading about a subject and participating in discussions. g. an issue enable learners to produce ideas. h. about a theme and it make it easy for learners to find ideas. The production of ideas Producing ideas learners Learners Reading about and discussing Readingdiscussing The production of ideas

7. W hich sentence is better??? All sentences are fine but the focus is different in some. The focus in the original sentence: “reading … & taking part …” The focus of Paraphrases a, b, c: “the production of ideas” “producing ideas” The focus of Paraphrases d, e,f: “ learners” The focus of Paraphrases g, h: “reading & discussing” So??? Original Sentence: Reading about a topic and taking part in discussions are two ways that can help students to produce ideas. Paraphrases g & h and the original sentence are closest because they have the same focus.

8. Original Sentence: The selection of a suitable topic sentence can be done after carefully thinking about the message of the paragraph. NOMINAL  VERB : USING THE VERB FORM INSTEAD OF A NOMINAL 1. 1. Replace the nominal with the verb, if possible: To select or selecting To select OR Selecting a suitable topic sentence can be done after carefully thinking about the message of the paragraph.

9. What are some synonyms for the underlined words in the original sentence? Original Sentence: The of a topic sentence can be done after carefully the message of the paragraph. 2. Find synonyms and change the order of the ideas: selectionsuitable thinking about What are some verbs that you can use with the following?? The selectioncan be done Selecting ??? Choosing ???

10. a. b. c. d. e. Selecting Choosing An appropriate topic sentence Learners Students that theyfirst consider the message an appropriate topic sentenceis easier when want to express/ on the contents of the paragraph. consideration generally follows reflection an appropriate topic sentence writers state/give in the paragraph. after careful can be written the contents of the paragraph. about careful can following the produce an appropriate topic sentence careful consideration of the paragraph contents. can writean appropriate topic sentence considered the contents of the paragraph. when they have CHANGING THE FOCUS: Can you start each paraphrase in a different way? Original Sentence: The selection of a suitable topic sentence can be done after carefully thinking about the message of the paragraph.

11. 3. Decide which sentence is better: a. b. c. d. e. Selecting that theyfirst consider the message an appropriate topic sentence is easier when want to express/ writers state/give in the paragraph. Choosing consideration generally followsan appropriate topic sentence the contents of the paragraph. about careful An appropriate topic sentence on the contents of the paragraph. reflection after careful can be written Learners can following the produce an appropriate topic sentence careful consideration of the paragraph contents. Students can writean appropriate topic sentence considered the contents of the paragraph. when they have Find the focus in each & decide. Original Sentence: of a suitable topic sentence can be done after carefully thinking about the message of the paragraph. The selection

12. Decide which sentence is better: All of the sentences are fine but again there are differences in focus. The focus in the original sentence: “to select/selecting …” The focus of Paraphrases a, b: “choosing” “the selection…” The focus of Paraphrase c: “an appropriate topic sentence” The focus of Paraphrases d, e: “learners/students”So???? Paraphrases a & b and the original sentence have the same focus.

13. PARAPHRASING PRACTICE by A. Suzan Öniz

14. IN BRIEF: CHANGE THE SENTENCE. Chop it up into two sentences or totally change the form. Reverse the word order. Use synonyms and other forms of the same word. BUT BUT Keep technical or jargon words! Don’t change the meaning! Check the focus: Does the paraphrase have a new focus? Is this OK? Look at the context (the other sentences around this sentence) and try to match the focus.

15. EXERCISE: PARAPHRASING OLR 1 Unit 5 Reading 4 The boomerang two curved wings What are synonyms for the underlined words? looks likeconnected together. Now paraphrase it.

16. The boomerang looks like two curved wings connected together. Possible Paraphrases: The boomerang __________ two curved wings ________ attached. is similar to resembles which are which are joined together. resembles two curved and attached wings. The shape of the boomerang is similar to two curved wingsthat have been joined together.

17. It in the curved or turning flight of the boomerang. What are some alternatives that signal result? How do you need to change this sentence when you replace ‘results’ ??? results

18. Possible Paraphrases: As a result, the boomerang flies in a curved or turning way. Therefore, Thisleads to a curved or turning flight of the boomerang. This causes the boomerang to fly in a curved or turning manner. The boomerang, therefore, flies The flight pattern of the boomerang then is curved or turned. It results in the curved or turning flight of the boomerang.

19. OLR 1 Unit 6 Reading 1 A study done with university students found that, after listening to loud rock music, students had increased heart rates. For which words do you know synonyms? Can you replace the folowing? to do a study after doing sth to have an increased heart rate

20. OLR 1 Unit 6 Reading 1 A study done with university students found that, after listening to loud rock music, students had increased heart rates. Possible Paraphrases: Research conducted with university studentsshowed that carried outillustrated performeddemonstrated students’ heart beatsincreased after they listened to loud rock music. went upwhen climbed rose Research conducted with university students demonstrated that loud rock music caused students’ heart rate to rise. led to a rise in heart beats. resulted in

21. Playing music at home, in the office, or in school can help a person to focus. Find alternative expressions for the following: playing music can help a person to do sth to focus on sth

22. Playing music at home, in the office, or in school can help a person to focus. Possible Paraphrases: Listening to music in your house, at work, or in school may enable a person The ___________ of people who play music in their houses, at work, or in school to concentrate. concentration school may improve. increase. get better.

23. Nowadays, dentists often offer headphones to their patients. Find synonyms for as many words as possible. Can you also find an alternative grammatical structure? Paraphrase this sentence starting with These days/Currently/... Headphones

24. Nowadays, dentists often offer headphones to their patients. Possible Paraphrases: These days, patients are frequently offered headphones in their dentist’s office. Headphones These days,it Presently, Currently, iscommon for (dental) patients to be offered headphones widespread in their dentist’s office. are commonly used in dentists’ offices these days.

25. It is not uncommon to see patients listening to soft music while having an operation. Can you change the focus? In how many different ways can you start this sentence?

26. It is not uncommon to see patients listening to soft music while having an operation. Possible Paraphrases: Soft music for patients during surgery is quite common. It is not It is quite common unusual to see people under medical treatment listening to gentle music during surgery. Listening to soft music for surgery patients to listen to gentle music during the operation. during surgery is quite common for patients. to see patients listening to gentle music during surgery. It is possible

27. By slowing the tempo of the music you are listening to, you can contribute to your own calmness. Reword this sentence by using double comparatives: The...er, the...er.

28. By slowing the tempo of the music you are listening to, you can contribute to your own calmness. Possible Paraphrases: The slower the speed of the music you are listening to, the more your calmness. If you the music you are listening to, you can your calmness. decrease the speed of increase

29. Decreasing By slowing the tempo of the music you are listening to, you can contribute to your own calmness. the tempo of the music you are listening to can calm down. help enable you to become more calm.

30. OLR 1 Unit 6 Reading 2 Generalizations from these would be findings premature. Find synonyms for the underlined words.

31. OLR 1 Unit 6 Reading 2 Generalizations from these findings would be premature. Possible Paraphrases: Generalizations It would from these results would be possible later. be too earlyto generalize from these results.

32. More research is needed. What are synonyms for more to be needed

33. More research is needed. Possible Paraphrases: Additional necessary. essential. Further conducted. research should be is needs to be must be has to be carried out. performed.

34. OLR 1 Unit 6 Reading 3 Jazz is a of music that was by the African slaves kind sung or played on the plantations. Can you replace the highlighted words?

35. Jazz is a ______ of music that was _________ by the African slaves _____ fields. Jazz is a kind of music that was sung or played by the African slaves on the plantations. Possible Paraphrases: in the sort which African slaves typeperformed sang or played in the fields.

36. Jazz music in the 1800s thus grew from a combination of African folk music and dance rhythms. Now you try on your own. Remember to find synonyms, to change the word order, and then to decide which is the best in terms of matching focus.

37. Jazz music in the 1800s thus grew from a combination of African folk music and dance rhythms. Possible Paraphrases: Therefore, the jazz music of 200 years ago developed from a ________, the jazz music of the 1800s developed when mixture of African folk music and dance rhythms. evolved Consequently, African folk music was combined with dance rhythms. Therefore, As a result, For this reason,

38. As African-Americans migrated north, they brought jazz and the blues with them. Find synonymous structures and reword this sentence. Hints: when... during starting with the nominal for ‘to migrate’

39. As African-Americans migrated north, they brought jazz and the blues with them. Possible Paraphrases: When African-Americans moved north, they introduced jazz and the blues there. The migration of African-Americans During to the north took jazz and the blues there. was takento that region. the migration of African-Americans to the north, jazz and the blues spread there. Due to

40. People were buying jazz records faster than they could be recorded. A more specific word for ‘people’ Instead of ‘buying’ & ‘faster’ ????

41. People were buying jazz records faster than they could be recorded. Possible Paraphrases: Jazz records were People were The recording of jazz records could not keep up sold more quickly than could record them. the artists purchasing jazz records more rapidly than Customers they could be recorded. with their sales. Fans

42. The boomerang looks like two curved wings connected together. It results in the curved or turning flight of the boomerang. A study done with university students found that, after listening to loud rock music, students had increased heart rates. Playing music at home, in the office, or in school can help a person to focus. Nowadays, dentists often offer headphones to their patients. It is not uncommon to see patients listening to soft music while having an operation. By slowing the tempo of the music you are listening to, you can contribute to your own calmness.

43. Generalizations from these findings would be premature. More research is needed. Jazz is a kind of music that was sung or played by the African slaves on the plantations. Jazz music in the 1800s thus grew from a combination of African folk music and dance rhythms. As African-Americans migrated north, they brought jazz and the blues with them. People were buying jazz records faster than they could be recorded.