1. Summary Paraphrase Quotation

2. Summary  Condensed  In your own words  Concise, but not telegraphic

3. Paraphrase  Not condensed  In your own words  Most useful method of incorporating source material  Also a useful study aid

4. Quotation  Exact words.  Any additions or deletions must be indicated with [brackets] or ellipses: ... indicates less than a full sentence has been deleted .... indicates that one or more full sentences have been deleted  Errors in the original are left intact and indicated by [ sic ]

5. When to Quote  To add the power of an author’s words to support your argument  To disagree with an author’s argument  To highlight particularly eloquent or powerful phrases or passages  To compare and contrast specific points of view  To note the important research that precedes your own

6. When to Summarize  To establish background or offer an overview of a topic  To describe knowledge (from several sources) about a topic  To determine the main ideas of a single source

7. When to Paraphrase  To clarify a short passage from a text  To avoid overusing quotations  To explain a point when exact wording isn’t important  To explain the main points of a passage  To report numerical data or statistics (preferred in APA papers)

8. Prefer Paraphrase In most situation, paraphrase will be the most effective option. Paraphrase uses your own words, so it blends well into the text. Paraphrase creates an better understanding of the source material

9. Paraphrase Practice Using the information on pages 44 & 45, define the idea of a “Coasean ceiling” and a “Coasean floor” by paraphrasing Shirky. A “Coasean ceiling” is...

10. Summary Practice The final paragraph on page 51, and the subsequent paragraph on page 52 offer details on Garrett Hardin’s “Tragedy of the Commons.” Summarize these two paragraphs in 50 words or less.