1. The Era of Progressive Reform
Chapter 13

2. I. The Origins of Progressivism
Problems in the late 1800s: unemployment, unsafe working conditions, political corruption, etc.
Progressive Movement – the movement to solve these and other social problems

3. I. The Origins of Progressivism
Many Americans believed in socialism – economic and political philosophy favoring public or gov’t control of property and income
-Goals:
1) end the capitalist system
2) distribute wealth more equally
3) nationalize American industries (gov’t owned)

4. I. The Origins of Progressivism
Labor Movement: unions focused on reducing hours, higher wages, and better working conditions

5. I. The Origins of Progressivism
Muckrakers: journalists who wrote about corruption in politics and business – nicknamed by Teddy Roosevelt – EX:
-Lincoln Steffens – exposed political corruption in the cities
-Ida Tarbell – exposed the practices of Standard Oil
-Upton Sinclair – wrote The Jungle (1906)- described the meatpacking industry

6. In spite of the phenomenal success of The Jungle, Upton Sinclair lamented what he considered to be its failure when he made his often-quoted assessment:
“I aimed at the public’s heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach.”

7. I. The Origins of Progressivism
State Reforms: introduced by governors – most famous was Robert “Battling Bob” LaFollette from Wisconsin
Direct primary – election where party members select a candidate to run in the general election
17th Amendment – allowed voters, rather than state legislators, to choose their U.S. Senator

8. I. The Origins of Progressivism
Intiative – allowed citizens to propose new laws by obtaining a certain % of voters’ signatures on a petition
-the proposed law is then placed on the ballot in the next election
Referendum – process in which citizens may demand, by petition, that a law passed by the legislature be “referred” to voters for approval or rejection

9. I. The Origins of Progressivism
Recall – gave voters the ability to remove public officials from office before the next election

10. I. The Origins of Progressivism
Federal Reforms: led by the Presidents – esp. Teddy Roosevelt with his “Square Deal” programs
Sherman Anti-Trust Act – outlawed monopolies
Hepburn Act – required railroads to get permission from the U.S. gov’t before raising rates

11. I. The Origins of Progressivism
Pure Food and Drug Act – passed in response to The Jungle – created the Pure Food and Drug Adm. to protect consumers
Meat Inspection Act – required federal inspection of meatpacking companies
16th Amendment – created a federal income tax

12. I. The Origins of Progressivism
National Park Service – protected and ran the national parks
18th Amendment – prohibited the making, selling, and transportation of alcohol

13. II. Progressive Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt ( )
William Howard Taft ( )
Woodrow Wilson ( )

14. II. Progressive Presidents
William Howard Taft (Rep.)
-handpicked by Roosevelt to run in the 1908 election
-defeated William Jennings Bryan (Dem.) who lost for the 3rd time
-never gained full support of the progressives

15. II. Progressive Presidents
Election of 1912:
-Taft defeated Roosevelt in the Rep. convention
-Roosevelt and many progressives formed a third party and called it the Progressive Party (“Bull Moose Party”)
-the split in the Rep. party allowed a Dem., Woodrow Wilson, to win the election

16. III. Women’s Suffrage
By 1900 only WY, ID, UT, and CO had granted voting rights to women
National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) used protest to force Pres. Wilson to take action on woman suffrage
-the group picketed the White House and went on hunger strikes if arrested

17. III. Women’s Suffrage
19th Amendment (1920) – guarantees women the right to vote

18. STOP

20. The Origins of Progressivism:
Progressive Era: the era in American history from about
Progressivism – a collection of different ideas and activities about how to fix the problems within American society
All Progressives agreed that the gov’t should take a more active role in solving society’s problems caused by urbanization and industrialization

21. The Origins of Progressivism:
Progressives believed that first the gov’t needed to be fixed and made more responsible to people before other problems could be addressed
Muckrakers – a group of journalists who investigated social conditions and political corruption
-their articles put pressure on gov’ts to introduce reforms

22. The Origins of Progressivism:
Examples of muckrakers:
-Ida Tarbell – exposed the practices of the Standard Oil Company
-Lincoln Steffens – attacked political machines (buying votes, etc.)
-Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives – poverty, disease, crime
-Upton Sinclair – The Jungle – exposed the meat-packing industry

23. The Origins of Progressivism:
Many types of progressivism – often took opposing sides on issues and how to solve the problems
One group believed that problems in society could be solved if government was efficient
-wanted to replace the existing system with a commission plan – board of commissioners with expertise in city services would select and hire specialists to run city departments (fire, police, etc.)

24. The Origins of Progressivism:
Many progressives wanted more democracy in society
Robert La Follette – Wisconsin governor – criticized how political parties ran their conventions
-introduced the direct primary – a party election in which all party members vote for a candidate to run in the general election

25. The Origins of Progressivism:
Other reforms:
-initiative – allowed a group of citizens to introduce legislation and required the legislature to vote on it
-referendum – allowed proposed legislation to be submitted to the voters for approval
-recall – allowed voters to demand a special election to remove an elected official from office

26. The Origins of Progressivism:
-17th Amendment (1913) – provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators (rather than being selected by state legislatures)
The movement for women’s voting rights was known as the suffrage movement
-many progressives joined the movement

27. The Origins of Progressivism:
After the Civil War, the Republicans in Congress introduced the 14th and 15th Amendments, which protected the voting rights of African Americans
-the woman suffrage movement had wanted these amendments to apply to women as well
-Republicans refused

28. The Origins of Progressivism:
By 1900 only WY, ID, UT, and CO had granted voting rights to women
National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) used protest to force Pres. Wilson to take action on woman suffrage
-the group picketed the White House and went on hunger strikes if arrested

29. The Origins of Progressivism:
19th Amendment (1920) – guarantees women the right to vote
Social welfare progressives created charities to help the poor and disadvantaged, and pushed for laws to help fix social problems

30. The Origins of Progressivism:
1900: over 1.7 million under the age of 16 worked outside the home
The National Child Labor Committee worked to end child labor
Many adult workers labored in difficult and dangerous conditions
-building codes, workers’ compensation, zoning laws, and health codes made the work environment safer

31. The Origins of Progressivism:
The temperance movement called for the moderation or elimination of alcohol
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was formed in 1874
-worked to reduce alcohol consumption, but later pushed for prohibition

32. The Origins of Progressivism:
A group of progressives focused on regulating big business, but they disagreed on the solutions
-one side wanted to break up big companies to restore competition
-the other wanted the creation of gov’t agencies to regulate big companies

33. The Origins of Progressivism:
Socialism – the idea that the gov’t should own and operate industry for the community as a whole
-an idea shared by only a small minority of progressives
Eugene Debs – led the American Socialist Party – ran for Pres. in 1912
Most Americans and most progressives believed in the American system of free-enterprise (capitalism)

34. The Origins of Progressivism:
During his second term, Theodore Roosevelt’s reform program was known as “Square Deal”
-felt gov’t should try to balance the needs of all the groups in American society
-believed the U.S. needed progressive reforms to remain an efficient society and compete with other nations

35. By 1905: consumer protection became a national issue
-patent medicines and food consumption became serious threats to Americas, forcing new legislation

36. 1906: Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle described his observations of Chicago slaughterhouses
-as a result, federal legislation was passed
-Meat Inspection Act – required federal inspection of meat sold and set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plants

37. State Reforms:

38. State Reforms:
Initiative – allowed citizens to propose new laws by obtaining a certain percentage of voters’ signatures on a petition – the proposed law is then placed on the ballot in the next election for approval or rejection
Referendum – process in which citizens may demand, by petition, that a law passed by the legislature be “referred” to voters for their approval or rejection

39. State Reforms:
Recall – gave voters the ability to remove public officials from office before the next election

40. Federal Reforms:
Introduced by the Presidents – esp. Theodore Roosevelt with his “square deal” programs – federal reforms included:
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) – outlawed any combination of companies that attempted to create a monopoly
Hepburn Act (1906) – required railroads to get permission from the U.S. gov’t before raising rates

41. Federal Reforms:
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) – passed in response to The Jungle – created the Pure Food and Drug Adm. to protect consumers
Meat Inspection Act (1906) – required federal inspection of meatpacking companies
16th Amendment (1913) – created the federal income tax
National Park Service (1916) – protected and ran the national parks

42. Federal Reforms:
18th Amendment (1919) – prohibited the making and selling of alcohol

43. Progressive Presidents:
Theodore Roosevelt ( )
William Howard Taft ( )
Woodrow Wilson ( )
William Howard Taft (Rep.) – handpicked by Roosevelt to run in the 1908 election – defeated William Jennings Bryan (Dem.) who lost for the 3rd time – never gain the full support of the progressive republicans

44. Progressive Presidents:
Election of 1912 – Taft defeated Roosevelt in the Rep. convention – Roosevelt and many progressives decided to form a 3rd party and called it the Progressive Party (nicknamed the “Bull Moose” Party) – the split in the Republican Party allowed a Democrat, Woodrow Wilson, to win the election

45. Women’s Suffrage: Suffrage – the right to vote
19th Amendment (1920) – granted women suffrage