1. Fundamentals of Elasticity Theory
Professor M. H. Sadd
Reference: Elasticity Theory Applications and Numerics, M.H. Sadd, Elsevier/Academic Press, 2009

2. Value of Elasticity Theory
Theory of Elasticity
Based Upon Principles of Continuum Mechanics, Elasticity Theory Formulates Stress Analysis Problem As Mathematical Boundary-Value Problem for Solution of Stress, Strain and Displacement Distribution in an Elastic Body.
Governing Field Equations Model Physics Inside Region
(Same For All Problems)
Boundary Conditions Describe Physics on Boundary
(Different For Each Problem) R Su St
Value of Elasticity Theory
Develops “Exact” Analytical Solutions For Problems of Limited Complexity
Provides Framework for Understanding Limitations of Strength of Materials Models
Establishes Framework for Developing Linear Finite Element Modeling
Generates Solutions for Benchmark Comparisons with FEA Solutions

3. Deformation and Strain
Two-Dimensional Theory
u(x,y)
u(x+dx,y)
v(x,y)
v(x,y+dy) dx dy A B C D A' B' C' D'   x y
Strain Displacement Relations
Three-Dimensional Theory

4. Deformation and Strain Example

5. Rigid Body Motion Two-Dimensional ExampleC D dy vo A dx B uo x
Zero Strains!

6. Strain Compatibility Compatibility Equation Undeformed Configuration2 3 1 4
Undeformed Configuration
Deformed Configuration
Continuous Displacements
Discontinuous Displacements
Discretized Elastic Solid x y
Compatibility Equation

7. Strain Compatibility Example

8. Body and Surface Forces
Sectioned Axially Loaded Beam
Surface Forces: T(x) S
Cantilever Beam Under Self-Weight Loading
Body Forces: F(x)

9. Traction and Stress Traction VectorP3 P2 F n A p P1
(Externally Loaded Body)
(Sectioned Body)
Traction Vector
Note that ordinary elasticity theory does not include nor allow concentrated moments to exist at a continuum point

10. Stress Components x z y y x
yx z
xy
xz
zy
yz
zx

11. Stress Transformationx3 x1 x2
x1
x2
x3
Three-Dimensional Transformation x y x'  y'
Two-Dimensional Transformation

12. Stress Transformation Exampleu

13. Principal Stresses and Directions
Ii = Fundamental Invariants
Roots of the characteristic equation are the principal stresses s1 s2 s3 Corresponding to each principal stress is a principal direction n1 n2 n3 that can be used to construct a principal coordinate system y
(General Coordinate System) 1 3 2
(Principal Coordinate System) n1 n3 n2 x z y x
yx z
xy
xz
zy
yz
zx 1 3 2

14. Equilibrium Equations
Body Forces

15. Equilibrium Equation Example

16. Hooke’s Law Isotropic Homogeneous Materials = Lamé’s constant
 = shear modulus or modulus of rigidity
E = modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus
v = Poisson’s ratio

17. Orthotropic Materials (Three Planes of Material Symmetry)
Nine Independent Elastic Constants for 3-D Four Independent Elastic Constants for 2-D

18. Physical Meaning of Elastic Constants
(Simple Tension) 
(Pure Shear) p
(Hydrostatic Compression)

19. Relations Among Elastic Constants

20. Typical Values of Elastic Constants

21. Basic Formulation
Fundamental Equations (15) - Strain-Displacement (6) - Compatibility (3) - Equilibrium (3) - Hooke’s Law (6)
Fundamental Unknowns (15) - Displacements (3) - Strains (6) - Stresses (6)
Typical Boundary Condtions
Displacement Conditions
Mixed Conditions
Traction Conditions R S Su St
T(n) u

22. Basic Problem Formulations
Problem 1 (Traction Problem) Determine the distribution of displacements, strains and stresses in the interior of an elastic body in equilibrium when body forces are given and the distribution of the tractions are prescribed over the surface of the body.
Problem 2 (Displacement Problem) Determine the distribution of displacements, strains and stresses in the interior of an elastic body in equilibrium when body forces are given and the distribution of the displacements are prescribed over the surface of the body.
Problem 3 (Mixed Problem) Determine the distribution of displacements, strains and stresses in the interior of an elastic body in equilibrium when body forces are given and the distribution of the tractions are prescribed over the surface St and the distribution of the displacements are prescribed over the surface Su of the body.
Displacement Conditions
Mixed Conditions
Traction Conditions R S Su St
T(n) u

23. Basic Boundary Conditions
Coordinate Boundary Examples
y=Ty r
xy=Tx
r r  x   r y
xy=Ty
r x y
x=Tx
(Cartesian Coordinate Boundaries)
(Polar Coordinate Boundaries)
Non-Coordinate Boundary Example
n = unit normal vector x y

24. Boundary Condition Examples
Fixed Condition
u = v = 0
Traction Free Condition x y a b S
Traction Condition l
(Coordinate Surface Boundaries)
(Non-Coordinate Surface Boundary)

25. Symmetry Boundary Conditions
Rigid-Smooth
Boundary Condition
Symmetry Line y x

26. Example Solution – Beam Problem
sx - Contours

27. Saint-Venant’s Principle
The Stress, Strain and Displacement Fields Due to Two Different Statically Equivalent Force Distributions on Parts of the Body Far Away From the Loading Points Are Approximately the Same.
P/2
P/2 P x x
xy y x
xy y x y y
Stresses Approximately Equal

28. Strain Energy
Strain Energy = Energy Stored Inside an Elastic Solid Due to the Applied Loadings
One-Dimensional Case dx u dz  dy x y z
Three-Dimensional Case

29. Principle of Virtual Work
The virtual displacement ui = {u, v, w} of a material point is a fictitious displacement such that the forces acting on the point remain unchanged. The work done by these forces during the virtual displacement is called the virtual work.
Virtual Strain Energy = Virtual Work Done by Surface and Body Forces
Change in Potential Energy (UT-W) During a Virtual Displacement from Equilibrium is Zero.