1. Title IX: Education Amendments of 1972 Aaron Kochman Nick Parent Karina Vargas

2. Pre-1972 United States Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Civil Rights Act of 1964 Kirstein v. Rector and Visitor of University of Virginia (1970)

3. Title IX “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”

4. Exceptions Section 1681. Sex Section 1684. Blindness or visual impairment; prohibition against discrimination Section 1686. Interpretation with respect to living facilities Section 1687. Interpretation of “program or activity” Section 1688. Neutrality with respect to abortion

5. Main People Senator Birch Bayh (father of the Title IX) Dr. Bernice Sandler (Godmother of the Title IX) Representative Edith Green (Mother of Title IX) Representative Pasty Pink Senator George McGovern President Nixon

6. Reasoning 14 amendment “nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person with its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” Equal protection clause

7. Examples Grove City College v. Bell (1984) Under Title IX, private schools could receive federal funds that refused direct federal funding, if they have a large number of students that receive federal scholarships Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education (2005) Retaliation against a person because they complain of sex discrimination is a form of sex discrimination encompassed by Title IX Cannon v. University of Chicago (1979) Title IX contains an implied private cause of action

8. Impact on Democracy Collegiate Degrees for Women After Title IX

9. Impact on Democracy Strive forward for Women’s Rights Obama on Title IX http://espn.go.com/espnw/title-ix/7722632/37-words- changed-everything

10. References http://www.dol.gov/oasam/regs/statutes/titleix.htm#. UJCBeWl26kQ http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/aboutRE.html http://www2.ed.gov/pubs/TitleIX/part3.html http://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/docu ments/cr12en27.pdf