1. Safety and Rules of the Lab

2. Safety Symbols Know safety symbols
They appear in your laboratory activities
They will alert you to possible dangers
They will remind you to work carefully

3. Use Your Head Exercise Caution and Good Judgment
Follow all instructions given by the teacher
Notify the teacher immediately regarding any accident or unsafe areas

4. Use Your Head Read lab instructions ahead of time
Always follow lab procedures exactly
Never do an unauthorized experiment

5. Protect Yourself Eye Safety
Wear safety goggles when working with chemicals, flames, or heating devices
or if possibility of flying debris
If you wear contact lenses let your teacher know

6. Protect Yourself Eye Safety
In case of emergency in which a chemical goes into one’s eye, use the eyewash station (15 min.)

7. Protect Yourself Proper Attire
Keep all long hair tied back
Do not wear loose clothing that could catch on fire
Foot wear that completely covers the foot is required

8. Protect Yourself Hand Safety
If a chemical spills on your skin, notify the teacher and rinse with water for 15 minutes
Wash hands after every lab
Handle glassware, sharp tools and heated containers carefully

9. Protect Yourself Hand Safety

10. • When using knifes or other sharp objects always walk with the points
Sharp Objects
Always cut away from fingers and body
Always carry sharp objects with points and tips facing down and away
Never try to catch falling sharp instruments
Grasp sharp instruments only by the handles

11. Sharp Objects Notify teacher if you get cut
• When using knifes or other sharp objects always walk with the points
• When using knifes or other sharp objects always walk with the points
Sharp Objects
Notify teacher if you get cut
Broken glass and sharp objects do not go in trash cans
Teacher will clean up broken glass

12. Electrical Safety
Only electrical plugs are to be placed into an electrical outlet
Unplug electrical equipment after use
Keep all electrical cords, wires, and appliances away from water

13. Physical Safety Handle all equipment carefully
Do not place a cord where someone can trip over it
Push all stools in out of the way
Keep books picked up out of walking isles

14. Heating Safety
Tie back hair and loose clothes when working with open flames
Never look into a container as you are heating it
Never point the end of a test tube being heated at yourself or others
Never heat in a closed container

15. Heating Safety Never leave a heat source unattended
Heated metal and glass looks cool, use tongs or gloves before handling
Do not place hot glassware directly on lab desk or in cold water

16. Chemical Safety
Read all labels twice before removing a chemical from the container
Only use the type and amount of chemical instructed to use
Never touch, taste, or smell a chemical unless instructed by the teacher
Never mix chemicals unless instructed to do so

17. Chemical Safety Transfer chemicals carefully!
Keep lids on chemical containers when not in use
When diluting an acid, pour the acid into water
Consider all chemicals dangerous

18. Animal Safety Only handle living organisms with teacher permission
Always treat living organisms humanely
Wash your hands after handling animals

19. Treatment of Specimen Respect the life of all laboratory specimen
They gave their life for your education

20. Plant Safety Do not eat any plants in lab
Wash your hands after handling plants
Tell your teacher of any plant allergies
Like any organism, plants should be considered possibly harmful

21. You Should Never… Enter store room unless given permission
Take any chemicals from lab or store room
Touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials until instructed to do so

22. You Should Never… Eat or drink in the lab
Use lab glass-ware to eat or drink out of

23. You Should Never… Engage in…. practical jokes horse play rough house

24. In case of an emergency…
Know the locations of:
fire extinguisher
fire blanket
body shower
eyewash station
first aid kit
If you spill a harmful chemical on yourself or in your eyes, start rinsing immediately and send your partner to get teacher’s help

25. Remember to… Stay at your work station Maintain a clean work area
Read and follow all directions
Report any spills, accidents, or injury to the teacher immediately
Clean and put away all equipment at the end of the lab period
Dispose of waste products according to instruction

26. http://www. blinn. edu/brazos/natscience/lab/man. gif http://images
So Do It Right!

27. Dissection Terms Anterior: Towards the front
Posterior: Towards the rear
Ventral: Towards the belly
Dorsal: Towards the backbone
Superior: Towards the top
Inferior: Towards the bottom
Medial: Towards the middle
Lateral: Towards the side

28. Prone Position

29. Scalpel

30. Probe

31. Dissecting Pins

32. Dissecting Pan

33. EARTH WORM

34. Earthworms Terrestrial animals inhabiting the moist soil.
Usually found in the upper layer of soil to a depth of 30-40cm.
Nocturnal (active at night)
During rainy season they come out and crawl on the ground.
During winter they close the burrows by leaves and debris.

35. Earthworms Cont. There are about 500 species of earthworms.
Earthworms are hermaphroditic (have both male and female reproductive organs).
Some earthworms have the ability to regenerate their lower halves if they are cut off.

36. EARTHWORM Body Segments Prostomium Peristomium
14-16 segments: Clitellum Glandular tissue covering
Metameres
Dorsal side- dark mid dorsal line
Ventral side- genital openings
Ant. End- Mouth, Prostomium, Peristomium

37. Body apertures Spermathecal Pores Female genital Pores
Nephridiopores
Dorsal pores
Anus

38. INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY
Cuticle, Epidermis, Two muscle layers, Coelomic Epithelium
The body wall is covered externally by a thin non-cellular cuticle. It is followed by two muscle layers and an inner most coelomic epithelium.The epidermis consists of single layer of columnar cells.Secretory gland cells are also found among the columnar cells

39. T.S. of bodywall showing Setae
All segments except first and last bear a ring of microscopic S-shaped chitinous setae ,help in locomotion.by gripping on the soil
T.S. of bodywall showing Setae

40. Digestive system
It is a straight tube and runs from the first to the last segments. It consists of mouth(peristomium),buccal cavity , pharynx, oesophagus,a muscular gizzard, stomach, intestine and anus

41. Circulatory system
In earthworm ,the circulation is closed type.The circulatory system consists of heart, blood vessels, capillaries and blood glands

42. Excretory system Nephridia
Segmentally arranged nephridia are the excretory organs.
There are three types of nephridia
septal,
integumentary and
pharyngeal.

43. NERVOUS SYSTEM Nerve ring Ventral Nerve cord Sense Organs
The nervous system consists of segmentally arranged ganglia and a ventral nerve cord. A ganglion is a mass of nerve cells.
Nerve ring
Ventral Nerve cord
Sense Organs

44. Earthworm is hermaphrodite or bisexual .
Reproductive system
Earthworm is hermaphrodite or bisexual .
Male reprodutive organs
Testis
Seminal vesicles
Semimal funnels
Vasa differentia
Prostate glands

45. Female reproductive system
Ovaries
Oviduccal funnels
Oviducts
Spermatheca

46. Mouth

47. Sperm Duct

48. Clittelum

49. Mouth
Pin your worm at the tip of the mouth and at its midpoint.

50. Continue your cut to the mouth
Start your incision 2 cm behind the clittelum.
Make sure not to cut too deeply.

51. Begin to separate the skin using pins

52. Pin the skin back as you go along the cut
Pin the skin back as you go along the cut. Angle your pins outward so that are out of the way.

53. As you pin the skin back, take your probe and break the partitions between the segments. These are called Septum.

55. Pharynx

56. Aortic Arches – Earthworms have 5 pair of these simple hearts.

57. Aortic Arch

58. Seminal Vesicles

59. Seminal Receptacles

60. Crop

61. Gizzard

62. Intestine
Dorsal Blood Vessel

63. Ventral Nerve Cord

64. Ventral Nerve Cord

65. Brain

66. Nerve Cord and Brain

67. Brain

68. AMPHIBIAN CHARACTERISTICS
Moist, thin skin without scales
Aquatic larva changes to terrestrial adult
Feet without claws
Respiration with gills, lungs, skin, mouth
Closed 2 loop circulation
Ectothermic (cold blooded)
Eggs without shells or multicellular membranes

69. http://users. erols. com/jkimball. ma

70. FROG ANIMALIA CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone” AMPHIBIA “double life”
LATIN meaning
KINGDOM _____________
PHYLUM ____________________________
SUBPHYLUM ___________________________
CLASS _______________________________
ORDER _____________________________
ANIMALIA
CHORDATA
VERTEBRATA “backbone”
AMPHIBIA “double life”
ANURA “without a tail”

71. Thin, moist skin – no scales Mucous glands make it “slimy”
Camouflage- for protection
Some have poison glands

72. BREATHING WITH LUNGS is called PULMONARY RESPIRATION
BREATHING WITH LUNGS is called PULMONARY RESPIRATION

73. BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION
BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION

74. ECTOTHERMIC “cold blooded”
Body temperature is dependent on surrounding environment

75. HIBERNATION/ ESTIVATION
FAT stored in FAT BODIES provides energy
Images from:

76. Nictitating membrane
image from:

77. NO CLAWS
image from:

78. EXIT OPENINGS DIGESTIVE WASTE (feces) = _________________ ANUS
Shared EXCRETORY & REPRODUCTIVE EXIT =
_____________________________
(Urine & eggs or Urine & sperm)
ANUS
UROGENITAL PORE

79. VENT EXIT OPENINGS OPENING SHARED BY EXCRETORY, REPRODUCTIVE,
& DIGESTIVE =
______________
VENT

80. What sex is it? Images from:

82. TONGUE attached at front not back like yours!
Imagse from:
TONGUE attached at front not back like yours!

83. Muscular Back of throat Pulls food into digestive system
image from:

84. Connect ears to back of throat
image from:
Connect ears
to back of throat

85. GLOTTIS Opening to respiratory GULLET Opening to digestive
image from:
GLOTTIS
Opening to
respiratory
GULLET
Opening to digestive

86. Images from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm

87. Image from; http://faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael
Image from; Laboratory/frog%20dissection/frog%20dissection_files/frame.htm

88. Females may have black & white eggs
Image from; Laboratory/frog%20dissection/frog%20dissection_files/frame.htm
Females may have black & white eggs

89. Pericardial membrane around heart Mesentery holds intestines together
image from:
Pericardial membrane around heart
Mesentery holds intestines together

90. Mesentery holds intestines together
image from:
Mesentery holds intestines together

91. FAT BODIES Store fat for energy during Hibernation Estivation Breeding
Image from:

92. Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html

93. Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html

94. CONTROLS passage of food from stomach into duodenum (intestine)
PYLORIC SPHINCTER
CONTROLS passage of food from stomach
into duodenum (intestine)

95. Gall Bladder
Image from:

96. STOMACH: LIVER: GALL BLADDER Make acid and digestive enzymes
Start digestion (grind up food)
Make bile
Store glycogen
Store vitamins
Process toxins (including nitrogen waste) for kidneys
Store bile

97. PANCREAS

98. Pancreas (enlarged)

99. PANCREAS: Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON
TRYPSIN- breaks down proteins
INSULIN- tells cells to store glucose from
bloodstream as glycogen
GLUCAGON- tells cells to release stored
glucose to blood stream

100. SPLEEN
Produces and stores new RBC’s and processes old worn out ones

101. SMALL INTESTINE DUODENUM Receives trypsin and bile; finishes digestion
ILEUM
Absorbs nutrients
VILLI
Increase surface area

102. LARGE INTESTINE Removes water from digestive waste; concentrates feces
LARGE INTESTINE
Removes water from digestive waste;
concentrates feces

103. 10 Body Systems : ___________ __________ _____________ EXCRETORY
___________________
Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells
Nitrogen waste has different chemical forms:
___________ __________ _____________
MOST TOXIC made from LEAST TOXIC ammonia by needs the least liver water to dilute
FISH HUMANS BIRDS, REPTILES
AMPHIBIANS
EXCRETORY
AMMONIA
UREA
URIC ACID

104. ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME!
DIGESTIVE waste- left over from undigested food travels through digestive system
leaves through digestive system as feces
EXCRETORY waste- (Also called NITROGEN WASTE) made by cells from break down of proteins
travels through blood stream
leaves through excretory system as
ammonia, urea, or uric acid

105. KIDNEYS- Remove nitrogen waste from blood and dilute it with water to make urine; osmoregulation
Image from:

106. URINARY BLADDER STORES URINE MADE BY KIDNEYS LARVAE (Tadpoles)
Excrete AMMONIA like fish
Adult frogs excrete
UREA to conserve water

107. CLOACA
DIGESTIVE
EXCRETORY
REPRODUCTIVE

108. http://www. flushing. k12. mi. us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/frog/index
LUNGS:
GAS EXCHANGE

109. Larvae breathe with GILLS

110. OVARIES
Make eggs
Image from:

111. Carry eggs to cloaca Add jelly coating
Image from:
Carry eggs to cloaca
Add jelly coating

112. TESTES
MAKE SPERM

113. TESTES KIDNEY

114. INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT Grow legs; Lose tail 2 chambers  3 chambers
1 loop  2 loops
Breathe w/ gills  lungs & skin
Excrete ammonia  excrete urea
(gills & kidneys) (kidneys)

115. Ways tadpoles are like fish
Have a LATERAL LINE
Breathe with gills
Excrete nitrogen waste as AMMONIA (with gills & kidneys)
Have a 2 chamber heart
Have a 1 loop
circulatory system

116. HEART 3 chambered heart Right atrium Left atrium Ventricle
Image from:

117. TADPOLES & FISH: 2 chambered heart 1 loop system ADULT FROG:
Images from:
TADPOLES & FISH: chambered heart
1 loop system
ADULT FROG:
3 chamber heart
2 loop system

118. MOST vertebrates have nuclei in their RBC’s
MAMMALS DON’T
RBCs’ image from:
Human RBC image from:

119. BRAIN

120. Yellow Perch
This fish lives in ponds, lakes, and streams. They need water with lots of vegetation (plants).
Often school (group together), especially in deep water. They come into shallow water to feed at dawn and dusk.

121. Yellow Perch Long fish for its size, growing up to 15 inches long.
Yellowish in color, with five to eight dark bars going from its back almost to its belly. Its fins are olive colored, except for its pelvic (chest) fins, which are orange or red

122. Fish Anatomy
Operculum: Gill covering (protects soft gill tissue and filaments).
Swim Bladder: Air sac surrounded by muscles that contract and relax to keep the fish buoyant (floating).
Lateral Line: Sense organ that detects vibrations in surrounding water.
Fins: Aid swimming
Dorsal Fin: On Back (keep fish upright)
Caudal Fin: Tail (move forwards/backwards)
Pectoral Fin: Sides (move up/down)

125. Preparation & Examination
Locate major external anatomical parts:
Dorsal Fin
Posterior Dorsal
Pectoral Fins
Pelvic Fins
Anal Fins
Caudal Fin
Gill Covers (operculum)
Lateral line - sensory organ of fish
Remove several scales
Prepare a dry-mount of a scale.
Observe it under a microscope
What function do you think scales serve?

126. Dissection Remove operculum with scissors
Observe gill anatomy
Rakers - white, comb-like arches
Filaments - Red fingerlike projections
With a scalpel, remove a section of the lateral line
What function does this organ serve?
Do you notice a concentration of nerve endings?
Begin the main incision
Open the abdomen (below the gill) carefully with a scalpel
Cut with a scissors: remove a oval-shaped piece of skin (only skin) running from underneath the gills, to the anus, up to the lateral line, along the lateral line, to the gill, down to where you started the incision. Remove flap of skin (see diagram on next slide)

127. Main Incision Cut along the blue line...
Only cut through scales, muscles, and skin
Take special care not to cut too deep!

128. Anterior View 1. Gills 2. Heart 3. Liver 4. Pyloric caeca
5. Small intestine
6. Stomach
7. Swim bladder

129. Posterior View 1. Swim bladder 2. Gonad 3. Large intestine
4. Urinary bladder
5. Anus

130. Close-up: Body Cavity Ovary Muscle Swim Bladder Eggs Liver
Stomach
Gastric Cecae
Small Intestine
Spleen

131. Can you identify the parts?