1. Lone Star: The Story of Texas Chapter 10 Statehood: 1841 - 1861 Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. Lone Star: The Story of Texas Section 1: Early Government Section 2: War with Mexico Section 3: The Politics of Statehood Section 4: Growth and Expansion Chapter 10: Statehood: 1841 - 1861 Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

3. Early Government On what document was the first Texas state constitution based? What are the three main branches of the Texas state government? Who was the first governor of the state of Texas? Chapter 10, Section 1

4. Texas State Government Creators of the Texas State Constitution: Thomas J. Rusk Abner Lipscomb Hiram Runnels José Antonio Navarro Chapter 10, Section 1 These writers were chosen for their skills and experience. The writers based much of the document on the Republic’s constitution. They also borrowed from the constitutions of Louisiana, Tennessee, and the United States. They wrote with one basic idea in mind: That the people should control the government.

5. The Constitution of 1845 arranged the government in three parts: Legislative - This branch had the power to make laws. It was divided into two houses (the Senate and the House of Representatives). Executive - This branch had the power to carry out the laws of the state. It set the term limits for governors and gave them the power to veto, or or prevent the passage of laws. Judicial - This branch had the power to resolve legal disputes and hand out justice. The Texas court system included the state supreme court, district courts, and county courts. Texans had the right to a trial by jury. Priests and ministers could not hold office. No women or African Americans could vote. Slavery was permitted. Framework of the Texas State Government Chapter 10, Section 1

6. Leaders of the State Texans held their first state election in 1845: James Pinckney Henderson became the state’s first governor. John Hemphill became the first chief justice of the Texas Supreme Court. Sam Houston and Thomas Jefferson Rusk became the first U.S. Senators from Texas. Voters chose David Kaufman and Timothy Pilsbury to represent Texas in the U.S. House of Representatives. Chapter 10, Section 1

7. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Early Government - Assessment What could the governor do with the power to veto? (A) Pass a law (B) Change the wording of a law (C) Make amendments to an existing law (D) Prevent the passage of a law Under the Constitution of 1845, how were judges chosen? (A) By the people (B) By the governor (C) By the state senators (D) By their peers Chapter 10, Section 1

8. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Early Government - Assessment What could the governor do with the power to veto? (A) Pass a law (B) Change the wording of a law (C) Make amendments to an existing law (D) Prevent the passage of a law Under the Constitution of 1845, how were judges chosen? (A) By the people (B) By the governor (C) By the state senators (D) By their peers Chapter 10, Section 1

9. War With Mexico What issues brought Texas and Mexico to war? What group of Texas fighters earned fame in the Mexican War? What present-day states did the United States acquire in the Mexican Cession? Chapter 10, Section 2

10. The Road to War President Polk believed that the United States had the right and duty to expand to the Pacific Ocean (manifest destiny). He wanted to fix the southern boundary of Texas at the Rio Grande. Mexico disagreed. Polk sent diplomat John Slidell to Mexico with an offer to buy California. Mexico was unwilling to deal with the United States. Meanwhile, Polk prepared for war. General Zachary Taylor brought 4,000 troops to Corpus Christi. They built Fort Texas on land that Mexico claimed as its own. Fighting broke out in April of 1846. In May, the United States declared war against Mexico. Chapter 10, Section 2

11. The Number of Troops Involved in the Major Battles of the Mexican War Chapter 10, Section 2

12. Results of the War Victory Over Mexico The fighting ended in September 1847. Mexico lost the war. The two nations signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. In this treaty, Mexico recognized Texas as part of the United States. Mexico agreed that the Rio Grande would be the southern border of Texas. Ceding Land Mexico gave the United States land as part of a cession, or the granting of land by one country to another. The United States gained territory that includes the present-day states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado. It paid Mexico $15 million for the land. Chapter 10, Section 2

13. War With Mexico - Assessment What is a cession? (A) The granting of land by one country to another (B) The period during which the governor reviews proposed laws (C) An agreement by both sides to halt a battle (D) An agreement to end a war Under which treaty did Mexico recognize Texas as part of the United States? (A) The Treaties of Velasco (B) The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (C) The Treaty of Buena Vista (D) None of the above Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 10, Section 2

14. War With Mexico - Assessment What is a cession? (A) The granting of land by one country to another (B) The period during which the governor reviews proposed laws (C) An agreement by both sides to halt a battle (D) An agreement to end a war Under which treaty did Mexico recognize Texas as part of the United States? (A) The Treaties of Velasco (B) The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (C) The Treaty of Buena Vista (D) None of the above Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 10, Section 2

15. The Politics of Statehood What political issues did Texas leaders face after the Mexican War? What did Texas give up and gain in the Compromise of 1850? Chapter 10, Section 3

16. Politics As Texas grew, the state governors faced many challenges: George T. Wood searched for ways to pay off the state’s debt. He also worked to defend the frontier and end a border dispute with New Mexico. Elisha M. Pease supported a system of public education. This led to the establishment of a permanent school fund, that provides money for public schools. He ordered the construction of several government buildings, including a new capitol. He pushed for railroad construction. When he left office, Texas was almost debt free. Hardin R. Runnels tried and failed to end the violence between frontier settlers and Native Americans. Sam Houston replaced Runnels, but had to leave before his term was up. Chapter 10, Section 3

17. Political Parties Democrats The Democratic Party was the strongest party in Texas. Many Texans were from the South, where Democrats were strong. The party stood up for farmers and laborers. Whigs Whigs had some support in northeast Texas and along the coast. The Whig party was weak and won few elections. Disagreement over slavery further weakened the party. When the party broke apart, the Whigs in the North formed the Republican Party. The Republicans wanted to stop the spread of slavery to new land in the West. Chapter 10, Section 3

18. Border Problems The Republic of Texas had claimed the Rio Grande as its southern and western border. This claim gave Texas about half of present-day New Mexico. People in New Mexico did not want to be part of Texas. The Compromise of 1850 Texas received $10 million in exchange for giving up its claim to parts of New Mexico. California entered the Union as a free state, one that would not permit slavery. Other new lands in the West would decide the slavery issue by popular sovereignty, or by allowing the people to decide for themselves. Chapter 10, Section 3

19. The Politics of Statehood - Assessment In the Compromise of 1850, why did Texas receive $10 million? (A) Texas promised it would never fight Mexico again. (B) Texas gave up its claim to parts of New Mexico. (C) Texas agreed to outlaw slavery. (D) Texas received the money as a reward for winning the Mexican War. Under popular sovereignty, how would the issue of slavery be decided? (A) The United States Congress would decide. (B) The judicial branch would decide. (C) The President would decide. (D) The people of the state would decide. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 10, Section 3

20. The Politics of Statehood - Assessment In the Compromise of 1850, why did Texas receive $10 million? (A) Texas promised it would never fight Mexico again. (B) Texas gave up its claim to parts of New Mexico. (C) Texas agreed to outlaw slavery. (D) Texas received the money as a reward for winning the Mexican War. Under popular sovereignty, how would the issue of slavery be decided? (A) The United States Congress would decide. (B) The judicial branch would decide. (C) The President would decide. (D) The people of the state would decide. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 10, Section 3

21. Growth and Expansion What challenges did Tejanos face after the Mexican War? How did the U.S. government try to resolve the ongoing conflict between Texas settlers and Native Americans? Chapter 10, Section 4

22. Mexican Texans After the United States annexed Texas, many Mexicans settled in and made great contributions to the new state: Lorenzo de Zavala built a colony in early Texas. He also served as first vice president of the Republic of Texas. Antonio Navarro served in the Texas Senate and helped write the state constitution. Santos Benavides served as mayor of Laredo, and later became the chief justice of Webb County. Despite the achievements of many, most Tejanos lived with prejudice, especially during the Mexican War. Some were even exiled (forced to leave the country). A cattle rustler (one who steals cattle) named Juan Cortina fought for the rights of Tejanos.

23. Native Americans in the Growing State The U.S. government built forts along the western frontier to protect white settlers from Indian raids. The United States also created several cavalry regiments to chase Indian raiders on horseback. They tried using camels, but their smell and mean spirit made them a poor choice. Native Americans did not understand the Texans’ belief in land ownership. They believed that the land belonged to everyone. In 1854, Texas established two Indian reservations. The Texans’ failure to understand and recognize individual Indian groups led to the failure of the reservations. Chapter 10, Section 4

24. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 10, Section 4 Growth and Expansion - Assessment What happens when a person is exiled? (A) He or she is forced out of government office. (B) He or she is confined to prison. (C) He or she is forced to leave the country. (D) He or she is held in an isolation camp. What statement best sums up the Native American view on land ownership? (A) Land belongs to the people as a whole. (B) Native Americans should have the first right to purchase land. (C) Land belongs to who fights the hardest for it. (D) Only Native Americans should be allowed to own land.

25. Want to link to the Lone Star Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!Click here! Chapter 10, Section 4 Growth and Expansion - Assessment What happens when a person is exiled? (A) He or she is forced out of government office. (B) He or she is confined to prison. (C) He or she is forced to leave the country. (D) He or she is held in an isolation camp. What statement best sums up the Native American view on land ownership? (A) Land belongs to the people as a whole. (B) Native Americans should have the first right to purchase land. (C) Land belongs to who fights the hardest for it. (D) Only Native Americans should be allowed to own land.