2. CITIES AT RISK A PRIMER OF KNOWLEDGE THAT CAN MULTIPLY AND SPILL OVER FOR THE BENEFIT OF MILLIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

3. EXAMPLE: THIRTY-FIVE CITIES AT HIGH RISK FROM EARTHQUAKES These cities have physical and socioeconomic factors known to increase risk (the chance of loss) to people, buildings, and infrastructure when a M7.0 or greater earthquake occurs

4. HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

5. TECTONIC DEFORMATION EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI GROUND SHAKING FAULT RUPTURE FOUNDATION FAILURE SITE AMPLIFICATION LIQUEFACTION LANDSLIDESAFTERSHOCKSSEICHE DAMAGE/LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS

6. FACTORS KNOWN TO INCREASE URBAN RISK FROM EARTHQUAKES  exponential growth in population  high density urban development  a low GDP and a deep poverty cycle  lack of enforcement of a modern building code and modern infrastructure standards  lack of modern emergency management  high to very high seismicity  prone to landslides and liquefaction  prone to tsunamis, in some cases

7. TEHRAN, IRAN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

8. ALGIERS, ALGERIA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

9. GREATER CAIRO, EGYPT IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

10. DEHLI, INDIA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

11. ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

12. KATHMANDU, NEPAL IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

13. ISMIT, TURKEY IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

14. ISTANBUL, TURKEY IS VULNERABLE FROM EARTHQUAKES

15. WENCHUAN, CHINA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

16. TASHKENT, UZBEKISTAN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

17. JAKARTA, INDONESIA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

18. MANILA, THE PHILIPPINES IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

19. SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

20. MEXICO CITY, MEXICO IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

21. GUAYAQUIL, ECUADOR IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

22. SAN SALVADOR, EL SALVADOR IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

23. SANTIAGO, CHILE IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

24. ANTOFAGASTA, CHILE IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

25. QUITO, ECUADOR IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

26. CARACAS, VENEZUELLA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

27. THESSALONIKI, GREECE IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

28. LISBON, PORTUGAL IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

29. BARCELONA, SPAIN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

30. TANGSHAN, CHINA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

31. KOBE, JAPAN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

32. NAGOYA,JAPAN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

33. TOKYO, JAPAN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

34. TIA JUANA, MEXICO IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

35. LOS ANGELES, CA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

36. SAN FRANCISCO IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

37. SEATTLE, WA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

38. ANCHORAGE, ALASKA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

39. VANCOUVER, CANADA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

40. SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES

41. MEMPHIS, TN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES