1. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart NewExt WP4 "Multimedia impact pathways" Presentation by Till M. Bachmann Villigen, 26 May 2003

2. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Contents Introduction Methodology: EcoSense multimedia Scenario calculations Conclusions

3. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Introduction Objectives of WP: (according to description of work) –Site-dependent assessment of concentration levels in soil and water compartments –Exposure assessment with respect to ingestion by humans considering food chains –Total exposure assessment (ingestion + inhalation) –'As far as possible' quantifying impacts and damages Introduction

4. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart WATSON-Europe Acronym for: –Integrated WATer and SOil environmental fate, exposure and impact assessment model of Noxious substances for Europe Box model for water and soil coupled to regional air quality model WTM (Windrose Trajectory Model) of EcoSense EcoSense multimedia

5. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Atmospheric emissions Background (natural + anthropogenic) Direct emissions to water and soil Sources of substances Regional scale atmospheric models Air model Soils of different use Soil & water Model Sediment fresh Groundwater Water fresh Water marine Sediment marine Drinking water Aquatic organisms Exposure model Farm animals Human beings inhalation exposure not shown Plants Environmental fate model EcoSense multimedia

6. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Is linking scientifically defendable? The level of coupling in multimedia models is in general limited for most of the chemicals. Therefore, single-medium models can be run independently and linked based on intermedia transfer fractions (Margni et al., submitted) Applicable to –heavy metals with low vapour pressure and no (bio-) methylation since the volatilization as well as the resuspension in general (Suzuki et al., 2000) are negligible. –for many organic substances e.g.... EcoSense multimedia

7. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Is linking scientifically defendable? EcoSense multimedia The answer is: 'Yes'!

8. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Subdivision of the Rhine catchment (Pfaffstetter code „914“) River catchments and water routing: Pfafstetter code Main tributaries ("basins") have even digits 8 9 1 2 5 4 6 7 3 Basin organisation: Areas between two tributaries ("interbasins") have odd digits 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Sea EcoSense multimedia

9. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Top soils of: –Pastures –Arable land –Non-vegetated areas (e.g. rocks, open cast mining) –Semi-natural ecosystems Other compartments: –Freshwater bodies –Sediment –Built-up areas –Glaciers Spatial characteristics Environmental media distinguished taking differences in permeability, soil erosion and human (in)direct exposure into account These are:  about 11500 different compartments in 3400 base regions EcoSense multimedia

10. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart EcoSense multimedia Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart

11. Temporal characteristics Climatological annual average data for hydrology Temporal resolution: –Steady-state: for sustainability questions („Which concentration will occur in media and food if the current emissions are kept the same forever?“) –Quasi dynamic: temporal concentration development in different media and food (‚quasi‘: only a substance‘s concentrations vary) Pulse emission: emission stops after a given time –„Time to steady-state“: assessing when a certain percentage of the steady state solution will be reached (very persistent substances like heavy metals will only reach a steady-state after several hundred or even thousand and more years) EcoSense multimedia

12. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Mathematics Steady-state vs. dynamic Equation of the general format: v*dc/dt = A * c + b –c: concentration vector [kg/m3] –v: vector of volumes [m3] –b: exogen input vector [kg/s] –A: coefficient matrix [m3/s] Example: v water * dc water /dt = - discharge * c water + erosion * c soil + waste water dynamic: dc/dt = (A * c + b)/v c(t=0) = c 0 (background) = 0 Steady-state: no change in time ! EcoSense multimedia

13. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Processes considered Input: –Dry and wet atmospheric deposition –Direct discharges into water and soil Long-range transport (connecting regions): –River discharge –Lake circulation (between regions) Regional transport: –Matrix leaching and preferential flow –Soil erosion and Hortonian overland flow –Sedimentation, resuspension and ‚sediment burial‘ –Diffusive exchange between sediment and water body –Ice melt of glaciers EcoSense multimedia

14. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Scenario Case study: 1000 kg Pb/a emitted in Flanders Scenario calculations Reference: European emissions in 1990 (UBA/TNO 1998) Exposure via inhalation and ingestion

15. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Concentration increment

16. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Atmospheric Pb (Rhine catchment) Scenario calculations Minimum time to 95% st.-st. - for sediments, non-veg., pasture, arable soil, s.-n. ecos.: >500a - glaciers: 300a - built-up areas: <5a

17. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Collective dose of Pb - results Scenario calculations Summed over national average exposures Ingestion exposure only via milk, beef, cereals and potatoes

18. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Collective dose of Pb - comparison Scenario calculations Similar to UWM: –Ingestion dose about two orders of magnitude larger than inhalation Dissimilar to UWM: –Dose levels: one order of magnitude higher –Contribution of different paths (potato and rye!) –Decreasing intake fraction over time

19. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Two scenarios considering Cd and Pb emissions to Germany and tributary areas: –Atmospheric deposition only (UBA/TNO 1998) –Plus direct releases into water (UBA 2000; distribution: i) industry+municipal emissions: per capita, ii) diffuse emissions: area weighted) No background Steady-state concentrations Sustainability application Case study for Germany Scenario calculations

20. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Policy standards (EU directive) with respect to lead: –Arable land: 50-300 mg/kg dry-weight –Surface waters for drinking water abstraction: 0.05 mg/l Results – environmental media – Pb Scenario calculations

21. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Policy standards with respect to lead: (Commission Regulation (EC) 466/2001 to Directive 2001/22/EC) –milk consumption (infants): 0.02 mg/kg fresh-weight –meat consumption: 0.1 mg/kg fresh-weight Results – food consumption – Pb Scenario calculations

22. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Conclusions Air-dispersion based EcoSense is extended to a multi- media exposure assessment tool WATSON offers many opportunities to calculate welfare losses via external costs as well as sustainability indicators in terms of long-term environmental media and/or food concentrations However, the use of exposure-response functions has not yet been possible due to lack of emission information as well as atmospheric modelling reasons related to PAHs and PCDD/Fs Conclusion

23. Till Bachmann, IER Stuttgart Thank you for your attention! Conclusion