1. Carbohydrates

2. Carbohydrate hydrate of carbon – Cn(H2O)m
Glucose -blood sugar- C6H12O6 or C6(H2O)6
Sucrose -table sugar- C12H22O11 or C12(H2O)11

3. Not all carbohydrates have this exact form
– old habits die slow or sometimes never at all

4. Monosaccharides Formula CnH2nOn
One carbon is either an aldehyde or ketone
The suffix ose indicates that the molecule is a carbohydrate
Use prefix to indicate number of carbons tri , tetr, pent, hex
Aldose – contain an aldehyde group
Ketose – contain a ketone group

5. Aldohexoses Monosaccharides Aldohexoses carbohydrates
aldehyde function
six carbons
carbohydrates or
saccharides
other examples: ketotetrose, aldotriose, ketopentose

6. Fischer Projections Emil Fischer (late 1800’s) A B C D
Side groups come out of the plane (towards you)
Vertical groups go back away from you A B C D

8. Naming Aldotriose and aldotetrose
Remember ET goes home left at T

10. Naming AldoPentose RAXL – Ribose, Araginose, Xylose, Lyxose
Right – Top – Middle – Top/Middle

12. Naming Aldohexoses All Altrose Gladly Make Gum in Gallon Tanks
Bottom – all right
2 up – 4x4
3 up – 2x2 like Noahs Ark
4 up – alternate

14. R/S and D/L R = D - dextrorotatory S = L - levarotatory
D – A monosaccharide with the Penultimate OH group on the right in a Fischer Projection
L - A monosaccharide with the penultimate OH group on the left in a Fischer Projection
OK, so what’s a penultimate????

15. Ketoses * Note: The ketone is located on carbon #2 * triose tetrose
pentoses
Penultimate is the next
To last carbon
hexoses *

16. Amino Sugars Contain an NH2 group instead of an OH
1st three are common in nature

17. Cyclic structure of monsacharides
It’s the hemiacetal reaction all over
We draw them as Haworth Projections
Practice practice practice
From yahoo images

18. Reactions of Monosacharides
Practice
From yahoo images

19. The two Most Significant Sugars
Aldose
-D-glucose
-The most important
monosaccharide
-White solid
-Formula C6H12O6
- Sugar used in our bodies
Ketose
D-Fructose
Known as “fruit sugar”
Found combined with glucose in the disaccharide sucrose

20. Multiple Sugars Monosaccharides – Single Carbohydrate unit
Disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined
Oligosaccharides - three to ten monosaccharides
Polsaccharide – More than ten monoscharides

21. Three Disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

22. Disaccharides * Sucrose A disaccharide
One D-glucose and one D-Fructose
Connected by two anomeric carbons: C-1 on glucose and C-2 on fructose linkages:  linkage on glucose and  linkage on fructose

23. Disaccharides * Sucrose Anomeric C are tied-up on both sugars
No oxidation can occur no hemi-acetals
Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar
Hydrolyzed by enzymes to form a mixture of glucose and fructose - “invert sugar”

24. Disaccharides *
Sucrose
-C-1
-C-2

25. Disaccharides * Lactose A disaccharide
One D-galactose and one D-glucose
Connected by an  linkage between D-Galactose C-1 and D-Glucose C-4
Known as an -1,4 linkage
Found in mammalian milk

26. Disaccharides
-1,4 linkage
Lactose

27. Disaccharides * Maltose A disaccharide Two D-glucose monomers
Connected by an  linkage between C-1 and C-4
Known as an -1,4 linkage (two D-glucose molecules)
An ingredient in most syrups
“Malt sugar”

28. Disaccharides
-1,4 linkage

29. Polysaccharides * Starch - Amylose Many units of -D-glucose
Linkages are -1,4 (same as Maltose)
Between glucose units (polyglucose)
Random coils or helix

30. Polysaccharides * Starch - Amylopectin Also many units of -D-glucose
Linkages are -1,4 and -1,6
Lots of branching
20 to 25 glucose monomers in the straight chain and then branching
A total of 105 to 106 glucose molecules
Use Iodine (I2) to test for starches

31. Polysaccharides * Glycogen Animal energy storage (about 400 g in us)
-D-glucose polymer
Similar to amylopectin but smaller chains
Linkages are -1,4 and -1,6 (branching)
10 to 20 glucose monomers in the straight chain and then branching
A total of 105 to 106 glucose molecules

32. Polysaccharides * Cellulose Linear polymer of D-glucose
Linkages are -1,4 !
The most abundant molecule in living tissues
Cotton is about 95% cellulose
300 to 3000 glucose units
Form fibrous rods

33. Polysaccharides * Cellulose We cannot digest cellulose
 glucose linkages!
Many bacteria and fungi have necessary enzyme
Ruminant mammals carry these bacteria
Termites also have necessary microorganisms