1. Recall that to be successful, all things must survive to reproduce
Reproduction is just one phase of the life cycle but is perhaps the most important.
Reproduction can be sexual or asexual

2. Sexual Reproduction
Incorporation of a sperm AND egg to make an individual
Gametes: _________ reproductive cells that each contain DNA from _____ ______and combine into offspring
Tons of variation is possible

3. Understanding Chromosomes
A chromosome is a portion of DNA that codes for particular features
Each feature is located at a particular spot on a particular chromosome (________)
Human have 23 individual chromosomes that are paired up in a somatic cell
22 ___________ that determine everything but sex
1 that determines _____

4. Very varied!
All of our characteristics are held in 23 pairs of chromosomes
In asexual reproduction all pairs come from one parent
In sexual reproduction one chromosome of each pair comes from each parent…
You have a chance of which one you get for each chromosome + combo when put together
+ all 23 times this happens for different characteristics
+ mutation and crossing over
= _________________________
Only identical twins are identical

5. On to Meiosis… When do we use it
_________ is a specialized type of cell division that creates _____ __________instead of diploid somatic cells
Haploid (n) refers to having only _____ _____of chromosomes instead a _______ (2n) cell’s usual ___________ pair.

6. Meiosis: overview 2 stages Every cell has a pair of every chromosome
Meiosis 2 = separate _____ ___________________
Every cell has a pair of every chromosome
When meiosis begins it has 2 pieces (copies) of each pair…
Pairs separate (blue eyes vs brown eyes) in meiosis 1
Then in meiosis 2 the copies separate (two versions of the same thing get pulled apart)

7. Steps in Meiosis
In prophase I the homologous chromosomes join together (at the ________ ) and undergo crossing over (swapping identical pieces to increase variation)
Metaphase I: homologous chromosomes line up
Anaphase I and Telophase I homologous chromosomes separated
Cytokinesis divides the cells (____ ________ _______ _______________)
Each daughter cell the undergoes prophase II and metaphase II where the sister chromatids line up
The sister chromatids are separated in anaphase II and telophase II
Leaving a total of 4 haploid cells with single copies of each chromosome.

8. Understanding crossing over
Homologous chromosomes
In Prophase I of meiosis homologous chromosomes undergo a process called crossing over
This is an exchange of chromosomal segments which insures no two (of 4 total) daughter cells will be exact copies of each other
New chromosomes that underwent crossing over are called ____________ __________________

9. Mitosis vs. Meiosis

10. Important factors of meiosis
___________ _________: the separation of homologous chromosomes is not dependent on how the other chromosomes separate
For example: Eye color and hair color are not associated, they are independent. Meaning within a family you will have different combinations of eye and hair color… instead of brown hair = brown eyes
Each homologous chromosome caries different versions of the same gene:
If you have brown eyes that doesn’t mean that both of your chromosomes code for brown eyes… one could code for green
If you are short you could have a tall gene…
so your children can have different features from you and their other parent but still be yours

11. When Meiosis goes wrong- Non-disjunction
When a woman is born all of her eggs (offspring) are already formed and arrested in metaphase II
When she ovulates the eggs begin to divide again
Sometimes the chromosomes have been stuck together for too long and won’t easily separate
Many problems can come from this

12. Trisomy 21
Most chromosomes, if duplicated, result in non-viable offspring (they don’t live to birth)
One notable exception is chromosome ___; it only results in Down Syndrome
The symptoms include facial features such as a round face, flattened nose, rounded teeth and short stature;
Things you might not see are heart defects, mental retardation, and increased susceptibility to Alzheimer’s, leukemia and respiratory infection

13. More on down syndrome
Although 1 out of 700 children in the United States the statistics show that maternal age is a huge factor
Women over in their mid to late 30s have a 1% chance of having a child with downs, where women under 30 have only a .05% chance
Parents with downs have a 50% chance of passing it on, with each meiotic event they produce two normal and two abnormal cells

14. Abnormal #s of sex chromosomes
There are many syndromes that result because there are many possible combinations
If a father donates two Ys, or a mother or father two Xs, or if either one donates none the progeny could have a variety of diseases (XYY is a normal male, XXX have limited fertility but appear normal)

15. Using Karyotypes
A karyotype is ____ _________ _________________________
It can be used to diagnose things such as down syndrome, and sexual syndromes and is gaining more uses with increased understanding of disease
Heart disease and even Alzheimer's is being predicted using genetic maps such as this… but there is an ethical question.
Should we predict what we can’t prevent?

16. Changes in DNA during replication
Deletion: a portion is removed
Where is the dog?  Where the dog?
Duplication: a portion is doubled
Where is the dog?  Where is the the dog?
Inversion: If a deleted piece reattaches in the wrong orientation
Where is the dog?  Where is dog?  Where is dog eht?
Translocation: removed from chromosome and added randomly to another
Where is the dog? The dog is in the backyard.  Where is dog? The dog is in the backyard the.