1. Paweł Moskal HADRONS IN NUCLEAR MEDIUM II KEK Tokai Campus (JPARC), Japan, 24-25 October 2014 Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland Interaction of pseudoscalar mesons with nucleons and nuclei Abstract: We will review experiments and phenomenology of the η, η ́ and K mesons interaction with nucleons and nuclei p.m., Few Body Syst. 55 (2014) 667

3. historical entanglement Jagiellonian University 1364 Collegium Maius at the university since 1400

4. historical entanglement Jagiellonian University 1364 Collegium Maius at the university since 1400

5. I thought… the scientific theories were not the digest of observation, but that they were inventions-conjectures boldly put forward for trial to be eliminated if they clashed with observation … David Hume η K+K+ K-K- η Transition Form-Factors: J. Zdebik PhD JU (2013); M.Hodana PhD JU (2012) R. Pohl et al., The size of the proton, Nature 466 (2010) 213 A. Liesenfeld et al., Phys. Lett. B468 (1999) 20

6. Production of mesons at threshold experimental aspects natural width of the η ́ meson η ́ -proton interaction production dynamics η-proton-proton interaction Borromean-states? η-nucleus interaction mesic-nuclei ? challenges to theory

7. in the laboratory before reaction: L = 1, S = 1 1 GeV/c P P  after reaction: L = 0, l=0 3 GeV/c P P  in the centre of mass system  Reaction parameter b  0.2 fm 3P01S0s3P01S0s threshold as a spin filter

8. experimental challenge !

9. COoler SYnchrotron COSY polarised and unpolarised proton and deuteron beams stochastic and electron cooling momentum range: 600 – 3700 MeV/c meson production up to  (1020) COoler SYnchrotron COSY COoler Synchrotron COSY pp   pp  pd   3 He 

10. The natural width of the η ́ meson I thought… the scientific theories were not the digest of observation, but that they were inventions-conjectures boldly put forward for trial to be eliminated if they clashed with observation … David Hume η Transition Form-Factors: J. Zdebik PhD JU (2013); M.Hodana PhD JU (2012) R. Pohl et al., The size of the proton, Nature 466, 213 (2010) experimental aspects natural width of the η ́ meson η ́ -proton interaction production dynamics η-proton-proton interaction Borromean-states? η-nucleus interaction mesic-nuclei ? K + K - interaction

11. COSY-11 Clustertarget driftchambers scintillator

12. COSY-11 cluster target drift chambers scintillators scintillator

13. COSY-11 E. Czerwinski, p.m. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010) 122001 COSY-11: Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (2010) 122001

14. The η ́ - proton hadronic interaction E. Czerwinski, p.m. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 062004 η COSY-11: Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 062004 p σ = dV ps |M| 2 |M| 2 ~ |M 0 | 2 |M FSI | 2

15. in the laboratory before reaction: L = 1, S = 1 1 GeV/c P P  after reaction: L = 0, l=0 3 GeV/c P P  in the centre of mass system  Reaction parameter b  0.2 fm 3P01S0s3P01S0s threshold as a spin filter

16. The η ́ - proton hadronic interaction E. Czerwinski, p.m. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 062004 η COSY-11: Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 062004 p σ = dV ps |M| 2 |M| 2 ~ |M 0 | 2 |M FSI | 2

17. Production mechanism I thought… the scientific theories were not the digest of observation, but that they were inventions-conjectures boldly put forward for trial to be eliminated if they clashed with observation … David Hume η Transition Form-Factors: J. Zdebik PhD JU (2013); M.Hodana PhD JU (2012) R. Pohl et al., The size of the proton, Nature 466, 213 (2010) experimental aspects natural width of the η ́ meson η ́ -proton interaction production dynamics η-proton-proton interaction Borromean-states? η-nucleus interaction mesic-nuclei ? K + K - interaction

18. dynamics → |M 0 | 2 ONE NUMBER and MANY GRAPHS What would the first experimental physicists tell us? What would the best student of the Jagellonian University tell us? He is encouraging us to continue: For what is determinate cannot have innumerable explanations NICOLAUS COPERNICUS ”Minor Works III, Letter against Wagner” Salviati. But if, of many computations, not even two came out in agreement, what would you think of that? Simplicio. If that is how the matters stand, it is truly a serious defect GALILEO GALILEI ”Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems” production dynamics e.g. meson η σ = dV ps |M| 2 |M| 2 ~ |M 0 | 2 |M FSI | 2

19. dynamics → |M 0 | 2 LARGE → RESONANSE CELSIUS COSY SATURNE

20. STRONG ISOSPIN DEPENDENCE Eta meson is by factor of 12 more coupiously produced when the total isospin of nucleons is equal to 0 than when it is equal to 1 Strong evidence of isovector meson exchange in production mechanism CELSIUS COSY SATURNE XXX

21. XXX X This was PREDICTED already about 2500 years ago by the very first physicists Thus, it is suggested that among created beings there must be some basic agent which will move things and bring them together ARISTOTLE “Metaphysics”  R. Czyżykiewicz, p.m. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 122003 COSY-11: Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 122003

22. WASA-at- COSY p p   p p M 10 9  and 10 11 π 0 on discs p p   p p  10 6  mesons on discs ; Polarization of about 70% (factor of 500 larger statistics ) →

25. WASA A WARSHIP built for the war with Poland which sank in 1628 in the middle of Stockholm harbour after sailing barely 1300 meters

29. COoler SYnchrotron COSY polarised and unpolarised proton and deuteron beams stochastic and electron cooling momentum range: 600 – 3700 MeV/c meson production up to  (1020) WASA-at- COSY pp   pp  pd   3 He 

30. Borromean state ? I thought… the scientific theories were not the digest of observation, but that they were inventions-conjectures boldly put forward for trial to be eliminated if they clashed with observation … David Hume η Transition Form-Factors: J. Zdebik PhD JU (2013); M.Hodana PhD JU (2012) R. Pohl et al., The size of the proton, Nature 466, 213 (2010) experimental aspects natural width of the η ́ meson η ́ -proton interaction production dynamics η-proton-proton interaction Borromean-states? η-nucleus interaction mesic-nuclei ? K + K - interaction

31. σ = dV ps |M| 2 |M| 2 ~ |M 0 | 2 |M FSI | 2 |M FSI | 2 ~ |M pp | 2 |M p1η | 2 |M p2η | 2 dynamics → |M 0 | 2 interaction → σ (Q) CELSIUS, COSY, SATURNE + + η S. Wycech, Acta Phys. Polon. B 27 (1996) 2981

32. Borromean rings from nucleons 6 He + + Borromean nuclei: 6 He, 11 Li, 14 Be

33. + + η Koonin-Pratt model [2] A. Deloff, AIP Conf. Proc. 950 (2207) 150 Correlation femtoscopy P. Klaja, p.m. et al., J. Phys. G 37 (2010) 055003 „At present it is not possible to draw a solid quantitative conclusion about the size of the system since e.g. in the case of the pp → pp reaction it would require to solve a three-body problem where pp and p-eta interactions are not negligible and both contribute significantly to the proton-proton correlation. However, based on semiquantitative predictions one can estimate that the system must be unexpectedly large with a radius in the order of 4 fm”

34. COSY TOF, COSY-11, WASA/CELSIUS V. Baru et al., PRC 67 (2003) 024002 p.m. et al., Phys.Rev. C69 (2004) 025203

35. pp   pp  P. Klaja, p.m. et al., Phys.Lett. B684 (2010) 11-16

36. WASA-at- COSY p p   p p M 10 9  and 10 11 π 0 on discs p p   p p  10 6  mesons on discs ; Polarization of about 70% (factor of 500 larger statistics ) →

37. Mesic nuclei ? I thought… the scientific theories were not the digest of observation, but that they were inventions-conjectures boldly put forward for trial to be eliminated if they clashed with observation … David Hume η Transition Form-Factors: J. Zdebik PhD JU (2013); M.Hodana PhD JU (2012) R. Pohl et al., The size of the proton, Nature 466, 213 (2010) experimental aspects natural width of the η ́ meson η ́ -proton interaction production dynamics η-proton-proton interaction Borromean-states? η-nucleus interaction mesic-nuclei ? K + K - interaction

38. 3 He  interaction (pd   3 He X)   + + η

39.  - 3 He dp  3 He  γ 3 He  3 He  ANKE : T. Mersmann et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 242301 (2007) COSY-11 : J. Smyrski et al., Phys. Lett B 649 258-262 (2007) T. Mersmann et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 242301 (2007) η + + COSY MAMI MAMI : M. Pfeiffer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 252001 (2004) F. Pheron et al., Phys. Lett. B709 21 (2012)

40. Phys.Lett. B734 (2014) 333  - 3 He η + + COSY-ANKE C.Wilkin et al., Phys. Lett. B654 (2007) 92‏

41. Attractive interaction between η and N (R. Bhalerao and L. C. Liu, Phys. Lett. B54 (1985) 685 ) ‏ possible existence of bound states of the η meson with nuclei for A>10 (Q. Haider and L. C. Liu, Phys. Lett. B172 (1986) 257 ) ‏ (C.Garcia-Recio, T. Inoue, J.Nieves, E. Oset, Phys. Lett. B550 (2002) 47).

42. 3 He-η 3 H-η 4 He-η η bound state possible with the light nuclei C. Wilkin, Phys. Rev. C47 (1993) 938 Supported by model calculations of: - S. Wycech et al., Phys. Rev. C52(1995)544 (the multiple scattering theory) … η-nuclear and η-nuclear bound states revisited D. Jido, H. Naghiro, S. Hirenzaki, Phys. Rev. C66 (2002) 045202 H. Nagahiro, S. Hirenzaki, Phys. Rev. Let. 94 (2005) 232503 S. Hirenzaki et al., Acta Phys. Pol. B41 (2010) 2211 E. Friedman, A. Gal, J. Mares, Phys. Lett. B725 (2013) 334 S. Hirenzaki, H. Nagahiro, Acta Phys. Pol. B45 (2014) 619

43. + + η N* π‾ G. A, Sokol et al., arXiv:nucl-ex/0106005 + Talk by Wojciech Krzemień at this conference … THE ETA-MESIC NUCLEUS η meson bound with nucleus via STRONG INTERACTION COSY, J-PARC, MAMI, GSI, LPI/JINR

44. + + η γ G. A, Sokol et al., arXiv:nucl-ex/0106005 Talk by Wojciech Krzemień at this conference … THE ETA-MESIC NUCLEUS η meson bound with nucleus via STRONG INTERACTION COSY, J-PARC, MAMI, GSI, LPI/JINR γ

45. WASA-at- COSY →

46. SIMULATIONS d+d → ( 4 He-η) bound → 3 He + p + π - d+d → 3 He + p + π - EXPERIMENT Upper limit of about 25 nb WASA-at-COSY: Phys. Rev. C87(2013) 035204

47.  - 4 He  - 3 He ~25nb -- Present experimental upper limit. WASA-at-COSY: Phys. Rev. C87(2013) 035204 ~ 4 nb -- Theoretical estimation. S. Wycech, W. Krzemien, Acta. Phys. Pol. B45 (2014) 745 ~ few nb -- WASA-at-COSY data collected in 2010. ~270 nb -- Present experimental upper limit pppπ - p.m., J. Smyrski, Acta Phys. Pol B41 (2010) 21 ~80 nb -- Theoretical estimation. C. Wilkin, Acta. Phys. Pol. B45 (2014) 603 ~ 10nb -- expected from New WASA-at-COSY data collected in May 2014

48. 3 He  interaction (pd   3 He X)   + + η

49. dp  3 He  o 3 He  threshold COSY-11 Fig. from C. Kerboul et al., PL B181(1986)28 COSY-11  ( dp  ( 3 He -  ) bound  3 He  o ) < 70 nb p.m., J.Smyrski, Acta Phys. Pol B41 (2010) 21

50. K + K - interaction I thought… the scientific theories were not the digest of observation, but that they were inventions-conjectures boldly put forward for trial to be eliminated if they clashed with observation … David Hume η Transition Form-Factors: J. Zdebik PhD JU (2013); M.Hodana PhD JU (2012) R. Pohl et al., The size of the proton, Nature 466, 213 (2010) experimental aspects natural width of the η ́ meson η ́ -proton interaction production dynamics η-proton-proton interaction Borromean-states? η-nucleus interaction mesic-nuclei ? K + K - interaction

51. Provided  and  are there the scalars have an “Inverted Spectrum” pseudoscalar mesonsvector mesons Scalar multi-plet:  (500),  (700), f 0 (980), a 0 (980) ‏  (600) is it a meson ? Do , a 0 (980) i f 0 (980) belong to the same qq nonet? If yes, then why the spectra are reversed? qq qqqq states (Jaffe, Achasov et al., Maiani et al.) KK KK molecules (Weinstein-Isgur, Close et al., Kalashnikova et al.)‏ scalar mesons structure ?

52. Physical motivation - typical mass of neutron stars in universe - less than 1.5 M ⊙ - maximum mass of neutron stars in conventional nuclear EOS - above 2 M ⊙ Neutron star mass as a function of central density G.Q. Li, C.-H. Lee and G.E. Brown, Nucl.Phys. A625 (1997) 372

53. Kaon pair production in nucleons collisions Proton-proton collisions close to K + K - threshold

54. dipole beam K-K-K-K- p p K+K+K+K+ drift chambers S1 silicon pads + scintillator

55. pp → ppK + K -

56. Multiplicity of kaon and anti-kaon production per participating nucleon for C+C, Ni+Ni, and proton-proton collisions pp → ppK + K - pp → pK + Λ p.m. et al., J. Phys. G28 (2002) 1777

57. COSY-11: C. Quentmeier et al., Phys. Lett. B 515 (2001) 276. ANKE: Y. Maeda et al.., Phys. Rev. C 77 (2008) 01524. COSY-11: P. Winter et al., Phys. Lett. B 635 (2006) 23. DISTO: F. Balestra et al., Phys. Rev. C 63 (2001) 024004. σ = dV ps |M| 2 |M| 2 ~ |M 0 | 2 |M FSI | 2 pp → ppK + K -

59. Dalitz plot pp  Goldhaber plot ppK + K -

60. M. Silarski, p.m., Phys. Rev. C 88 (2013) 025205

61. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION