1. ‘model’
MIMICRY
‘mimic’

2. ‘mimicry complex’

3. ‘diffuse mimicry’

4. Crypsis: - crypsis is the ability of an organism to avoid observation or detection by other organisms. It may be either a predation strategy or an antipredator adaptation, and methods include camouflage, nocturnality, subterranean lifestyle, transparency,[2] and mimicry (Wikipedia).

5. Crypsis: - crypsis is the ability of an organism to avoid observation or detection by other organisms. It may be either a predation strategy or an antipredator adaptation, and methods include camouflage, nocturnality, subterranean lifestyle, transparency,[2] and mimicry (Wikipedia).
Mimicry: mimicry is the similarity of one species to another.[2] This similarity can be in appearance, behaviour, sound, scent and even location, with the mimics found in similar places to their models. (Wikipedia)
Coral Snake - venomous
Milk Snake – non-venomous

6. Can get complicated….
Alligator snapper looks like a rock (crypsis), but has a tongue that ‘mimics’ a small fish
video

7. Frogfish
video

8. Mimicry for predator avoidance:
Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection
Three different, unpalatable species

9. Mimicry for predator avoidance:
Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection
Three different, unpalatable species
Three female morphs of a single palatable species; each mimics an unpalatable species in its range.

10. Mimicry for predator avoidance:
Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection
Non-mimetic morphs of the same species, Papilio dardanus (African Swallowtail)
Three different, unpalatable species
Three female morphs of a single palatable species; each mimics an unpalatable species in its range.

11. Mimicry for predator avoidance:
Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection
Honey bee
Stingless flies, moths, and beetles

12. Mimicry for predator avoidance:
Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection
This is a katydid, NOT an ant…

13. Mimicry for predator avoidance:
Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection
Snake-head caterpillars (different species)

14. Mimicry for predator avoidance:
Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection
Automimicry?

15. Mimicry for predator avoidance:
Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection
Ants are unpalatable to most birds and are avoided, selecting for mimicry in many other insects
Spider
Fly
Hemipteran (bug)
Hemipteran
Beetle

16. Mimicry for predator avoidance:
Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection
Mullerian: unpalatable species converge on a common morphology – mimicking one another, in a sense.
Monarch
Viceroy

17. Mimicry for predator avoidance:
Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection
Mullerian: unpalatable species converge on a common morphology – mimicking one another, in a sense.
Four species of distasteful butterflies in the Amazon – mimicry complex

18. Mimicry for predator avoidance:
Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection
Mullerian: unpalatable species converge on a common morphology – mimicking one another, in a sense.

19. Mimicry for predator avoidance:
Emslyan: deadly species may not always serve as models, because they give predators little chance to learn to avoid them. Coral snakes, for instance, are deadly. But false coral snakes are mildly poisonous (not deadly). So, it MAY be that coral snakes and milk snakes are mimicking false coral snakes.
FALSE
CORAL
MILK

20. Mimicry/Crypsis by predators to GET a meal:

21. Mimicry/Crypsis by predators to GET a meal:

22. Mimicry/Crypsis by predators to GET a meal:

23. Mimicry/Crypsis by predators to GET a meal:

24. Mimicry/Crypsis by predators to GET a meal:
Female Photuris versicolor mimic the light pattern of other species and eat males that come in response.
Male P. versicolor mimic other species, too, to get close enough to their own females to attempt mating

25. Ant-mimic spiders
video

26. Selection favoring particular plant morphologies

27. Artificial Selection favoring particular plant morphologies in “weeds”
Wheat
Rye – secondary crop

28. Artificial Selection favoring particular plant morphologies in “weeds”
Rice
Echinochloa oryzoides

29. Chemical Mimicry
Bola spiders and bird-dropping spiders:
– emit pheromone that mimics the sex pheromone of certain moth species… male moths come and get eaten.

30. Chemical Mimicry
Some orchids emit the sex pheromone of a particular wasp species. Males come and “mate” with the flower, getting dusted with pollen.
video

31. Chemical Mimicry
Orchid emits pheromones that mimic aphid alarm phermones.
This attracts hover flies that eat aphids… and they end up transferring pollen between flowers.

32. Chemical Mimicry
Blister beetle – Meloe franciscanus
Larvae emit the sex pheromone of the solitary bee, Habropoda pallida.
Male bees come to a larval mass to mate, and get covered with larvae.
They transfer these to females when they DO mate, and then larvae are taken to the nest where they eat bee eggs and larvae.
video

33. Selective Pressures Response
Predators
Selective Pressures
Prey
Mutualists
Parasites
Morphology
Behavior
Chemistry
Response
Mimicry of env (crypsis), predators, or prey to maximize survival, feeding efficiency (growth), or reproduction