1. Patrick Leech Pittsburgh Central Catholic PJAS 2009

2. Introduction Algal deaths are mostly the result of salt affliction For the duration of winter, algal related deaths were nearly always connected to salt Many attempts have been made to create a safe salt.

3. Algal Importance Algae is the building block to all marine life Basic food source for many nautical animals, without the presence of it, the entire ecosystem would be destroyed.  Used as a bio-indicator for marine environments

4. Euglena A very universal algae used in almost all algal experiments. Extremely tolerant of many habitats Capable of survival in both salt and water environments. A partial heterotroph which can attain food through either endocytosis and exocytosis.

5. Chlamydomonas Used in many biological experiments pertaining to algae. Exclusive to this organism are ion channels that are directly stimulated by light. Can move when exposed to light.

6. Dehydration The reason why salt is so detrimental. A number of effects will either speed up or slow down the rate of dehydration.

7. Wind/Humidity Wind causes quick dehydration Draws water out of an organism and infuses into the salt crystal. Salt crystal is whipped away along with the water inside by wind. Humidity draws water into the salt crystal very quickly

8. Light/Precipitation Light heats up an organism drawing salt out rapidly. Precipitation transports salt to different vicinities, either on land or in the water.

9. Calcium Chloride(CaCl 2 ) The most universal road salt. By releasing energy, it heats up any ice or snow it makes contact with. Lowers the freezing point of salt. The process is called freezing point depression, the scientific definition of this method is, “the phenomenon that the freezing point of a liquid (a solvent) is depressed when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a lower freezing point than a pure solvent.”

10. Safe Salt Variable called, “Safe Paw.” Has a dual effect in which a liquid is released instantly melting snow distant from the pellet. Core immediately heats up melting snow directly around it. Has an endothermic heat speeding the melting process Claims to be environmentally safe

11. Former Experiments Effects of road salt on the environment were first noticed in the 1950s Along the Minnesota highway, trees within a 3.4 mile radius of the road were showing indications of salt related death. At this same time period the New Hampshire government reported the death and removal of about 14,000 trees due to salt related problems.

12. Purpose To determine if salt has any effect on algal growth

13. Hypothesis Null: The presence of, “Safe Paw”, will NOT have a significant effect on both Euglena and Chlamydomonas. Alternative: The presence of, “Safe Paw”, WILL have a significant effect on both Euglena and Chlamydomonas.

14. Procedure 1. Gather all materials necessary 1. Spectrophotometer 2. Test tubes 3. Euglena and Chlamydomonas algae 4. Pipette 5. Test tube rack 6. Safe Salt brand 7. Water

15. Procedure continued 2. Created a 20% stock solution of variable 3. Using the 20% stock solution created a 5mL solution of; 0mL chemical,.05mL of chemical, and.5mL of chemical; Euglena, and water. 4. Created 5 solutions of each of the variables. 5. Immediately tested each solution using the spectrophotometer. 6. Continually tested each solution for seven days 7. Recorded Results

16. Results Absorbance In nm Euglena Time Elapsed (Days)

17. Results continued Chlamydomonas Time Elapsed (Days) Absorbance In nm

18. ANOVA statistical analysis Euglena.05mL chemical

19. ANOVA statistical analysis continued Euglena.5mL chemical

20. ANOVA statistical analysis Chlamydomonas.05mL chemical

21. ANOVA statistical analysis Chlamydomonas.5mL chemical

22. Results and Conclusions The null hypothesis that the presence of, “Safe Paw”, will NOT have a significant effect on both algae’s is REJECTED (p-value <.05). My alternative hypothesis that the presence of, “Safe Paw”, WILL have a significant effect on both algae‘s is accepted.

23. Extensions and Limitations Some extensions that could have improved the quality and obvious depth and extensiveness of this experiment is the use of more tubes in the experiment and the use of different concentrations. Another limitation could be using different salts such as sodium chloride or calcium chloride. Algal health- the study will be repeated using a fresh culture Algae was not kept at the same temperature each day

24. Sources "Evaluating Support for the Current Classification of Eukaryotic Diversity". PLoS Genet. 2 (12): e220. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220. PMID 17194223. p://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1713 255. alga, algae". Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged with Seven Language Dictionary. 1. Encyclopedia Britannica "De-icer damaging thousands of trees on mountain passes". The Seattle Times (19 March 2008). Retrieved on 18 March, 2008. Aliphatic Chains of Esterified Lipids in Isolated eyesptos of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris1 www.oercommons.org/courses/algae-experiments en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophotometer

25. Sources continued Chapman, V.J. (1950). Seaweeds and their Uses. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd Round, F E (1981). The Ecology of Algae. London: Cambridge University Press. hamptonroads.com/2008/01/odu-experiment-turning-sewage- algaebased-biodiesel-flourishing www.dow.com/productsafety/finder/cacl