1. SAFECode Memory Safety Without Runtime Checks or Garbage Collection By Dinakar Dhurjati Joint work with Sumant Kowshik, Vikram Adve and Chris Lattner University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

2. SAFECode Motivation Upgrade := new software modules in to host application Same address space Need to protect the host from Buggy/Untrusted modules Need to ensure each module is memory safe Memory safe := Never access a memory location outside its data area Never execute instructions outside its code area Secure Online Upgrades in Embedded Systems Need Language and Compiler support for memory safety

3. SAFECode Existing Solutions Problems Bad Casts Unintialized pointers Array bound violations Dangling pointers to stack locations Dangling pointers to freed memory Current Solutions e.g. Java, RT-Java,Modula -3 Runtime null pointer checks Not expressible No free + Garbage Collection [ + scoped regions + runtime checks] Runtime array bound checks Runtime checks or garbage collection unattractive for Embedded Code Type checker disallows

4. SAFECode Our Approach 1.Minimal semantic restrictions to enable static checking –No new syntax or annotations 2.Aggressive compiler techniques (old and new) Goal : 100 % Static Checking

5. SAFECode Our Previous Work [CASES2002] Problems Bad Casts Unintialized pointers Array bound violations Dangling pointers to stack locations (stack safety) Dangling pointers to freed memory (heap safety) Our Previous Solutions Type checker disallows Initialize to reserved address range Language rule + Compiler checks ??? Restrict index to be affine in terms of size Static safety for real time control programs

6. SAFECode Contributions of this Work 100% static technique for ensuring heap safety for “type safe” C programs –No Runtime Checks –No Garbage Collection : allow explicit deallocation! –No Programmer annotations Evaluate our approach on 17 embedded benchmarks –Array Safety –Heap safety –Stack safety

7. SAFECode Talk Outline Introduction Our Solution Results Related Work Conclusion

8. SAFECode Methodology Do not prevent uses of dangling pointers to freed memory Ensure that they cannot cause memory safety violation –Builds on a compiler transformation called “Automatic Pool Allocation”

9. SAFECode Dangling pointer problem struct S *p, *q; …. p = q …. free(p) … q->next->val = … // dangling pointer usage p q q r = malloc(sizeof(struct T)) q q->next r q r

10. SAFECode q Making Dangling Pointers Safe struct S *p, *q; …. p = q …. free(p) … q->next->val = … // dangling pointer usage s = malloc(sizeof(struct S)) s ->next q q->next s Principle : If freed memory is reallocated to any object of the same type with same alignment, then dereferencing pointers to freed memory is safe.

11. SAFECode Exploiting the principle First simple solution –N different heaps based on type, N = #types –Never move memory from one heap to other BUT : Increased memory consumption A more sophisticated solution : Using previously developed compiler transformation called Automatic Pool Allocation

12. SAFECode Automatic Pool Allocation Identifies logical data structures not reachable from outside a function Creates a separate pool (region) for nodes of that data structure. At the function exit, entire pool is deallocated Advantages : Fine grained pools Small life times Type homogenous pools Explicit deallocation

13. SAFECode Pool Allocation Example f() { … p = g(); … p->next->val = ….. } g() { … p = create_list_10_nodes(p); h(p); free_everything_but_head(p); … return p; } p h(struct S *p) { … for (j = 0; j < 100000; j++) { tmp = malloc(sizeof(struct s)) insert_tmp_to_list(tmp,p); …. q = least_useful_member(p) free(q); } … }

14. SAFECode Pool Allocation Example f() { PP = poolinit(struct S); … p = g(PP); … p->next->val = ….. pooldestroy(PP) } g(PoolPointer *PP) { … p = create_list_10_nodes(PP); h(p, PP); free_everything_but_head(p, PP); … return p; } p h(struct S *p, PoolPointer *PP) { … for (j = 0; j < 100000; j++) { tmp = poolalloc(PP); insert_tmp_to_list(tmp,p); …. q = least_useful_member(p); poolfree(q, PP); } … } Not Memory Safe PP

15. SAFECode Using Pool Allocation for Safety Pools are type homogenous Restriction : Do not release memory from a pool until pooldestroy => The principle is satisfied : “Accessible freed memory is reallocated only to objects of the same type”. Memory Safety guaranteed Problem –Could lead to increased memory consumption –Need to identify when it happens

16. SAFECode Identifying increased memory usage f() { PP = poolinit(struct S); … g(p, PP); … p->next->val = ….. pooldestoy(PP); } g(Struct S *p, PoolPointer *PP) { … create_list_10_nodes(p, PP ); h(p, PP ); free_everything_but_head(p, PP ); … } h(struct S *p, PoolPointer *PP) { … //no free after allocation for (j = 0; j < 10; j++) { …. q = least_useful_member(p) poolfree(q,PP); } … } Case 1 : No Reuse h(struct S *p, PoolPointer *PP) { … for (j = 0; j < 100000; j++) { tmp = poolalloc(PP); insert_tmp_to_list(tmp,p); …. q = least_useful_member(p) poolfree(q,PP); } … } Case 2 : Self Reuse h(struct S *p, PoolPointer *PP) { … for (j = 0; j < 100000; j++) { tmp = poolalloc(PP); tmp2 = poolalloc(PP2); insert_tmp_to_list(tmp,p); …. q = least_useful_member(p) poolfree(q,PP); } … } Case 2 : Self Reuse Case 3 : Cross Reuse

17. SAFECode Algorithm On all control flow paths interprocedurally For every poolfree(…, P) on the path, if before the subsequent pooldestroy(P) there is No poolalloc : P is Case 1 poolalloc only from the same pool : P is Case 2 poolalloc from a different pool : P is Case 3

18. SAFECode Implementation CGCC LLVM Linker LLVM Object code Source Language Independence Link – time Analysis => whole program analysis Pool Allocation Categorizing pools Safe Code with no checks Type Safety Uninit. Variables Stack Safety Array Safety C++

19. SAFECode Evaluation 17 applications in MediaBench and MIBench suite of bench marks Studied how easy it is to port them Results for 6 of them ProgramLines of Code No of Lines Modified Basicmath5794 Epic35244 Dijkstra3480 Gsm60380 Mpeg98390 Rasta737313 3986959 Total for 17 pgms

20. SAFECode Results : Heap Safety All 17 programs are proven heap safe! 15 Programs had only Case 1 or Case 2 pools Memory safety without increase in memory consumption 2 programs with Case 3 pools –Rasta : 5 Case-3 pools out of 14 –Epic : 1 Case-3 pool out of 14 –Further Analysis can convert some Case 3 pools to Case 2

21. SAFECode Results - II Stack Safety –16 codes passed the compiler –1 code needs restructuring to pass Array Safety –Only 8 codes passed –Indirection vectors caused 5 codes to fail –Detected 4 bugs in benchmarks Array Bounds Checking remaining bottleneck for 100% static checking How do our previous techniques work ?

22. SAFECode Related Work : Static Heap Safety Checking Linear and alias type systems : Vault –Severely restrict aliasing in programs –Require lot of annotations Region based Schemes : TofteTalpin[TOPLAS98], Aiken[PLDI98], Cyclone, RT-Java, Boyapati[PLDI03] –No deallocation within a region –Manual region annotations in most cases

23. SAFECode Conclusions Result : Guarantee heap safety statically for “type safe” C. => New State of the Art : 100 % Static Checking for all C codes that –Are “type safe” –Use only affine array references

24. SAFECode URLs SAFECode Static Analysis For safe Execution of Code http://safecode.cs.uiuc.edu/ LLVM http://llvm.cs.uiuc.edu

25. SAFECode Pool Allocation Example f() { … g(p); … p->next->val = ….. } g(Struct S *p) { … create_list_10_nodes(p); h(p); free_everything_but_head(p); … } PP = poolinit(Struct S); h(struct S *p) { … for (j = 0; j < 100000; j++) { insert_tmp_to_list(tmp); …. q = least_useful_member(p) free(q); } … } poolfree(PP,q) tmp = malloc(sizeof(Struct S)) pooldestroy(PP); tmp = poolalloc(PP)

26. SAFECode Results : Heap Safety All 17 are guaranteed heap safe 15 programs had only Case 1 or Case 2 poolsMemory safety without increase in memory consumption 2 programs with Case 3 pools rasta -- 5 Case 3 out of 14 pools epic -- 1 Case 3 out of 13 pools Further analysis can convert some case 3 to case 2 pools

27. SAFECode Conclusions and Future Work 100 % static checking for heap safety Future Work –Improve the array bounds checker –Evaluate the actual increase, if any, in the few case 3 pools. –Detect illegal system calls/illegal sequences of system calls