1. Igone Urdampilleta 29 May 2014, UCM, Madrid

2. Space Penetrators 2 Contents What is a Space Penetrator? Internal Architecture Heritage Scientific Motivation Possible targets :  Moon  Mars  Europa Summary References

3. Space Penetrators 3 What is a Space Penetrator ? Low mass projectile to sample and analyze the surface and subsurface of a planet or satellite Mass ~5-20kg Dimensions ~0.5mx0.2m High impact speed ~200-500m/s Very tough ~10.000-50.000g Penetrate surface ~0.2-3m Courtesy of Uk Penetratror Consortium, [1] Sand (Martian Soil) and Ice (Icy body) tests 300m/s, 24.000g

4. Space Penetrators 4 Internal Architecture Gowen,R. et al, IPPW7, 2010 Radiation sensor: Subsurface dose rate, age and material decay Magnetometers: possible internal ocean Batteries/RHU Mass spectrometer: volatiles and biologically important species Accelerometers: Surface and Subsurface material (harness/composition) Thermal sensor: Subsurface T, regolith T and heat flow Batteries/RHU, Data logger Micro-seismometers: Determine existence of interior oceans, structure and seismic activity Drill assembly: Subsurface mineralogy and material Accelerometers Power Communications Processing -Descent Camera -Auxiliary Systems -Instrumentations: 1. Environment 2. Geophysics (surface/chemistry) 3. Geophysics (interior)

5. Space Penetrators 5 Heritage Deep Space 2 and Mars 96 failed Lunar-A (space qualified) and MoonLITE cancelled Deep Space 2 Mars 96 Russian Space Forces Mission to Mars Launched in 1996 Failed to leave Earth orbit NASA mission launched in 1999 Mission to Mars Mars Polar Lander with 2 DS2 Reached Mars, but no comms Courtesy of NASA [3] Courtesy of Russian Space [4]

6. Space Penetrators 6 Scientific Motivation In-situ astrobiological and geophysical investigation In-situ subsurface chemical inventory Direct characterization of landing site Synergy with orbiting instrument data Advantages: Hardly accessible sites Simpler architecture Cost effective: Low mass High instruments heritage Similar payload for many surfaces Disadvantages: High impact survivability Compact and low mass payload Limited lifetime (only batteries)

7. Space Penetrators 7 Possible Targets Rocky and icy bodies

8. Space Penetrators 8 Moon: Lunar-A Courtesy of ISAS/JAXA Space qualified mission cancelled in 2007 Objectives: Lunar interior by seismic and heat-flow experiments Payload: 2 penetrators (near and far side) Mass:~45kg with PDS V~285m/s, Impact ~ 8000g, Depth~1-3m

9. Space Penetrators 9 Moon: MoonLITE Gao, Y. et al 2007 Gowen,R. et al, DOI EJSM/Laplace MoonLITE: Moon Lightweight Interior and Telecoms Experiment (UK) Objectives: Lunar seismic environment, polar water, volatiles and ISRU Payload: 4 penetrators Near side Apollo landing Two Polar regions Far side Duration: >1year for seismic network Mass: ~13kg +23kg propulsion V~300cm/s

10. Space Penetrators 10 Mars: M ET N ET Courtesy of FMI [5] Atmospheric Mission to Mars Objectives: Seismic activity and internal structure Meteorological and environment study MEIGA, M ET N ET precursor -> INTA and UCM Inflatable Entry and Descent System (16.8kg): 1.IBU (Inflatable Braking Unit) 2.AIBU (Additional IBU)

11. Space Penetrators 11 Courtesy of FMI [5] 3. Composition and Structure devices Magnetometer Mars: MetNet 2. Optical Devices PatCam MetSis-Irradiance Dust Sensor 1.Atmospheric Instruments MetBaro-Presure MetHumi-Humidity Temperature Sensor

12. Space Penetrators 12 Europa: EJSM EJSM: Europa-Jupiter System Mission (JUICE) Space Penetrator Objectives: The internal structure and its dynamics The existence and characteristics of subsurface ocean Astrobiology markers Harder ice impact material, faster body Mass: ~14.3kg +50kg PDS Long: ~31cm Gowen,R. et al, IPPW7, 2010 Courtesy of Astrium

13. Space Penetrators 13 Summary Low mass projectile for planetary exploration (rocky and icy bodies) In-situ analysis and sampling of environment and subsurface Cost effective technology Multi-landing sites or multi-target missions No successful mission yet Recent increase of Technology Readiness Level (TRL)

14. Space Penetrators 14 References Kato,M., Current Status of Japananise Penetrator Mission, ISAS/JAXA H Mizutani et al 2005, J. Earth Syst. Sci. 114, No. 6 Gao,Y. et al 2007, DGLR Int. Symp. “To Moon and beyond”, Bremen, Germany Gowem, R. et Penetrator Consortium, 2008, Penetrator for TSSM, TSSM Meeting, Monrovia Gowen, R. et Penetrator Consortium, 2009, An Update on MoonLITE, EGU, Viena Gowen, R. et Penetrator Consortium, 2009, Astrobiologycal Signatures with Penetrators on Europa, Biosignatures on Exoplanets Workshop, Mulhouse Gowen, R. et Penetrator Consortium, 2010, Potential Applications of Micro-Penetrators within the Solar System,IPPW7, Barcelona Skulionva, M. et al 2011, World Academic of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 55 Gowen, R. et al, Surface Element Penetrators, DOI to EJSM/Laplace

15. Space Penetrators 15 References LINKS [1] ESA: http://sci.esa.int/future-missions-office/52782-high-speed- tests-demonstrate-space-penetrator-concept/ [2] UK PENETRATOR CONSORTIUM: http://www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/ planetary/missions/ Micro_Penetrators.php [3] DS2:http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id= DEEPSP2 [4] MARS 96: http://www.russianspaceweb.com/mars96.html [5] METNET: http://metnet.fmi.fi/index.php [6] MEIGA: http://meiga-metnet.org/ [7] EUROPA PENETRATOR:http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=o1A04qzXCgQ

16. Space Penetrators 16

17. Space Penetrators 1. Descent Module release from Orbiter Reorient 2. Cancel orbital velocity Penetrator Separation 5. PDS fly away prior to surface Impact Spin-Down Delivery sequence courtesy SSTL 6. Operate from below surface 4. PDS (Penetrator Delivery System) separation from penetrator 3. Re-orient Space Penetrator Descent Sequence Gowen,R. et al, DOI EJSM/Laplace

18. Space Penetrators 18 Moon Characteristics: Telluric satellite No atmosphere, no plate tectonics >30.000 impact craters >1km Dark zones (maria): - craters, younger, 15% area Bright zones (terrae): + craters, older, 85% area Science Objectives (Gao,Y. et al 2007) : Volatiles in the shadowed lunar craters Lunar seismology: interior and core In-situ resources, ISRU (water ice/radiation/quakes) Planetary penetrator demonstrator

19. Space Penetrators 19 Mars Characteristics: Telluric planet Atmosphere No plate tectonics Changing topography due to seasonal variation and dust storms Polar ice caps Science objectives: Seismic activity and internal structure Astrobiology markers from depths >2m Meteorological and environment study Possible landing sites: Polar caps <40º for seismic network

20. Space Penetrators 20 Europa Characteristics: Water-icy satellite Atmosphere-trace Oxygen Strong tidal forces Lower slopes/smoother surface Less regolith (young) Possible subsurface ocean Habitable? Life? Science objectives (Gowen,R. et al, DOI EJSM/Laplace) : The internal structure and its dynamics The existence and characteristics of subsurface ocean Bio-signatures and Environment in near-surface Synergy data with remote sensing