2. Current Threat

3. GCP-2 Series Mounted – Individual – Crew Served Weapons – Weaver rail mount (V1) – V-Block mount (V2) Classification – 3b GCP 2A NOHD: 246m OD: 2.2

4. AN/AAG-22 Navigational Thermal Imaging System (NTIS) H Laser type: Nd:YAG H Wavelength: 1064 nm H Energy per pulse: 12.1 mJ H Classification: 3b H Laser eye protection: unaided: 4.1 H aided: 5.3 H NOHD Unaided: 720 m 7 X 50 binocs: 4 km 8 cm optics: 6.1 km 12 cm optics: 8.6 km

5. AH-1W Night Targeting System (NTS) H Laser type: Nd:YAG H Wavelength: 1064 nm H Output power: Classified H Classification: 4 H Laser eye protection: unaided: 3.5 aided: 5.2 H NOHD Unaided: 15 km 7 X 50 binocs: 48 km 8 cm optics: 59 km 12 cm optics: 69 km

6. See Addendum 3.1.4 Example from Chapter 9 library IZLID II H Laser type: Gallium Arsenide H Wavelength: 870 nm H Output power: 840 mW H Classification: IV H Laser eye protection: unaided: 3.0 aided: 3.0 H NOHD Unaided: 248m 3 cm optics: 1.63 km 12 cm optics: 2.55 km

7. LASERS ON THE BATTLEFIELD SLOVENIA’s RLD-2 LRF BELGIUM’s TM-007 LASER POINTER ISRAEL’s AIM-1/D LASER ILLUMINATOR ISRAEL’s MALOS LRF ISRAEL’s NVL-11 LRF / LASER ILLUMINATOR

8. Current Threat

9. CURRENT FOREIGN MILITARY LASER DEVICES UV INFRARED 400 700 500 600 800 900 1000 VISIBLE 300 200 1100 AIM (MLR & EXL) TM-007 ANL-02 P-840 EUROATLAS LPL-30/Z RLD-2 LRF RLD-3 LRF MALOS NVL8700 ENOSA LRF MEIRDIAN LRF ZOG 10.000 PZA-1 GAQ-4 LRF MTL-8 LRF TR 2M LRF HRLR & HRLR-ES LRF KAZAN APR-1 Norinco LR1 AIM-1/R AIM-1V POINTERS DAK-1 ~100,000 In Use Today

10. LASER WEAPONS EFFECTS TEMPORARY NVG Not Bloomed High Glare HUD Symbols Washed Out NVG Bloomed Beam Divergence & Canopy Effects

11. Laser Pointer Used as Classroom aid Misused as childrens toy, dating device, interference for the home team, small arms targeting and antiaircraft device. Uses a red laser LED operating at approximately 630 to 670 nm NOHD from 0 to 15 metres depending on manufacturer. Dazzle range can be many 100 feet.

12. Electromagnetic Spectrum

13. Laser Spectrum ULTRA- VIOLET INFRARED CORNEAL EYE DAMAGE VISIBLE RETINAL EYE DAMAGE CARBONDIOXIDECARBONDIOXIDE nm 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 3000 4000 9000 10000 Å 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 30000 40000 90000 100000  m 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 3.0 4.0 9.0 10.00 NITROGENGASNITROGENGAS HELIUM NEONHELIUM NEON HELIUMNEONHELIUMNEON NEODYMIUM YAGNEODYMIUM YAG GALLIUMARSENIDEGALLIUMARSENIDE REDRUBYREDRUBY ALEXANDRITEALEXANDRITE PINKRUBYPINKRUBY HELIUMNEONHELIUMNEON DOUBLENEODYMIUMDOUBLENEODYMIUM ARGONARGON XENONFLOURIDEXENONFLOURIDE XENONCHLORIDEXENONCHLORIDE 488nm488nm 514nm514nm 532nm532nm 633nm633nm 694nm694nm 700nm700nm 704nm704nm 830nm830nm 870nm870nm 1064nm1064nm 1118nm1118nm 1207nm1207nm 3300nm3300nm 10600nm10600nm 308nm308nm ERBIUMERBIUM 1540nm1540nm

14. Injury Mechanism

15. Sclera Choroid Retina Optic Nerve Fovea Aqueous Humor Cornea Pupil Lens Vitrious Body Macula Optic Disc Iris { { { Cross Section of Human Eye

16. Spectral Sensitivity of Human Eye

17. Absorption Characteristics Far Ultraviolet Far Infra-red Near Ultraviolet Near Infra-red & Visible

18. Biological Effects UV-CUV-BUV-AVisibleIR-AIR-BIR-C 100 280 315 400 760 1400 3000 10 6 Photokeratitis Retinal Burns Corneal Burns Cataracts Cataracts Erythema Color Vision Night Vision Degradation Thermal Skin Burns

19. There must be a transfer of energy beyond the absorption/dissipation capability of the target, for damage (physical or biological) to occur.

20. Eye Injury (low powered CW laser) 012345678910 Time Damage Threshold MPE

21. Eye Injury (higher powered CW lasers) 012345678910 Time Damage Threshold MPE

22. Eye Injury (low energy Pulsed laser) 012345678910 Time Damage Threshold MPE

23. Eye Injury (higher energy Pulsed lasers) 012345678910 Time Damage Threshold MPE

24. Eye Injury Retina

25. Eye Injury

26. Fovea

27. Eye Injury

28. Optic Nerve

30. Maximum pupil diameter ~ 7mm { Radiant energy in excess of the MPE enters the eye striking the retina. O.D. requirement 4.3 @ 1064 nm NOHD/OD Calculations at exit port

31. Maximum pupil diameter ~ 7mm { While reduced in power, radiant energy in excess of the MPE continues to strike the retina. O.D. requirement is less than 4.3 @ 1064 nm calculated for specific distance. NOHD/OD Calculations < 17 km from source

32. Maximum pupil diameter ~ 7mm { Radiant energy less than the MPE strikes the retina. No LEP required as there is no possibility of biological damage unless... NOHD/OD Calculations > 17 km from source

33. ... magnifying optics are placed in the beam path. OD requirement of 5.4 @ 1064 nm. NOHD/OD Calculations < 73.5 km from source

34. Laser Eye Protection Absorbs or reflects wavelength specific Proper OD req’d MUST BE USED

35. Laser Eye Protection Percent Optical Reduction Transmittance DensityFactor 100. 00 10. 110 1. 2100 0.1 31,000 0.01 410,000 0.001 5100,000 0.0001 61,000,000

36. Reflection Reflection

37. Absorption

38. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 3005007009001100 Wavelength nm Ideal LEP % Transmittance% Transmittance

39. Realistic LEP 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 2 4 6 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percent Transmittance Optical Density

40. LEP wavelength specific 634 nm 633 nm 630-670 nm 4 mw 1 mw 2 mw

41. 634 nm 633 nm 630-670 nm 4 mw 1 mw 2 mw LEP wavelength specific

42. Colour Perception

44. Incident/Accident Response

45. Post - Accident Procedures

46. Post Accident Procedures Recognising a Potential Injury – “Suspected exposure” – After image (visible lasers) – Blurred vision – Pain and tearing – Conjunctivitis

47. Post Accident Procedures Injury Response – Response is “time critical” – Report to Supervisor – Report to medical authorities – Testing and Treatment – Follow-up

48. Post Accident Procedures

50. From Safety with Lasers and Other Optical Sources. Sliney and Wolbarsht, 1980