1. Concentrations and Solubility

2. Concentrations Concentrations: Measures the amount of solute per amount of solvent Concentrated solutions has “a lot” of solute dissolved Dilute solutions has “a little” solute dissolved Adding solute will increase the concentration Adding water(solvent) will dilute the concentration

3. Molarity Amount of substance (mol) Volume of mixture (L) Unit = mol/L or M

4. Molality Amount of substance (mol) Mass of solvent (kg) Unit = mol/kg or m Volume can change with pressure or temperature (the higher the temp, the bigger the volume), but mass does not change. Sometimes it is better to measure concentration with mass than with volume.

5. Molality - Example 1 58.44 grams of NaCl are dissolved in exactly 2.00 kg of pure water. What would be the molality of the solution? Molar mass NaCl = 58.44 g/mol 58.44 g NaCl = 1 mol NaCl 1 mol NaCl = 0.5 m 2.00 kg H 2 O

6. Molality – Example 2 A jar of Kool-aid powder recommends pouring a scoop of powder into 2 quarts of water (1.89 kg, 1.98 L). A scoop of drink powder usually weighs 17 g. What is the molality of the resulting Kool-aid? Kool-aid powder is mostly sugar. We’ll say that the molar mass of drink powder is the same as the molar mass of sugar: 342 g/mol. 17 g Kool-aid | 1 mol = 0.049 mol = 0.026 m 342 g 1.89 kg

7. Parts per Million Parts per million (ppm)is the ratio of mass units of solute to mass units of solution, multiplied by one million (10 6 ) This is used when there are small amounts of solute in a solvent (like pollution in the air and water) Click on the “Parts per Million” title to see a helpful video. (PPT must be in play mode.)

10. Solubility (Notes p.7) Solubility is the ability of a solute to dissolve in the solvent.

11. “Like Dissolves Like” Fat Fat Benzene Benzene Steroids Steroids Hexane Hexane Waxes Waxes Toluene Toluene Inorganic Salts Water Water Sugars Sugars Small alcohols Small alcohols Acetic acid Acetic acid Polar and ionic solutes dissolve best in polar solvents Nonpolar solutes dissolve best in nonpolar solvents Soluble means a solvent can dissolve a solute

13. Another lab Chemistry Core Curriculum: Objective 1: Describe factors affecting the process of dissolving and evaluate the effects that changes in concentration have on solutions. d. Design and conduct an experiment to determine the factors (e.g., agitation, particle size, temperature) affecting the relative rate of dissolution.

14. Factors that affect how fast the solute dissolves 1. Particle size / Increasing the surface area (Crushing up solids) Hypothesis? 2. Agitation (Stirring the solution) Hypothesis? 3. Heating up the solvent Hypothesis?