1. Light The Human Perception of Color

2. Color : what to learn in this lesson Color isn’t “real”, it is a figment of our imagination Color only “exists” in the human mind Energy is the real characteristic of every light particle Our eyes can detect only a small range of the possible energies Goal today is to understand this...

3. Description of LIGHT Called the Electromagnetic spectrum Based on the energy of the photons

4. The EM spectrum LIGHT comes in two “flavors”: 1. VISIBLE LIGHT: the very small range of energies of light which our eyes can detect. 2. There is MUCH, MUCH more light which is not “visible” to human eyes.

5. HIGHER ENERGY than visible light: EXAMPLES: cosmic rays gamma rays X rays ultraviolet HIGHER ENERGY LOWER ENERGY Energies too high for human vision

6. The ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Energy is too HIGH for human eyes, normal vision HIGH fShort 

7. LOWER ENERGY than visible light: EXAMPLES: infrared (heat) microwaves radio & TV waves HIGHER ENERGY LOWER ENERGY Energies too low for human vision

8. The ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Energy is too LOW for human eyes, normal vision LOW fLong 

9. The VISIBLE LIGHT spectrum the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum we can sense with our EYES. Our skin can detect other portions as well... Leading to sunburn, cancer... Both UV and IR are invisible to our eyes, but are sensed by the skin. Some of the energies, “colors of light”, which are invisible to humans are visible to other species.

10. The VISIBLE LIGHT spectrum Red LOW energy LOW frequency LONG wavelength Blue HIGH energy HIGH frequency SHORT wavelength R O Y G B I V

11. SUMMARY: EM spectrum Radio & TV micro IR visible UV X rays  rays low ENERGY high lowFREQUENCY high long WAVELENGTH short low DANGER to LIFE high Know this table and “ROY G BIV” See page 521 in your text

12. Where does light come from? Photons are emitted when electrons lose energy: All atoms are surrounded by electrons CHEMISTRY CONNECTION: these electrons “live” in certain energy levels Electrons can change energy states in an atom: if they Absorb light: gain energy Loose energy: emit light

13. OUTCOME Atoms of each element have a unique, characteristic electron configuration. Each element has a unique, characteristic light spectrum. A specific element can only emit and absorb particular energies of light. We can only “see” some of those “colors.

14. Atomic emission spectra Atomic sources Hydrogen Helium Neon Argon Krypton Mercury Compound sources H 2 O CO 2 SOURCES of light: In order, from left to right

15. Our eyes “see” a collection of different energies.... We normally “see” a lot of different colors SIMULTANEOUSLY. To see what colors are really there, we have to use a diffraction grating. Notice the differences when we look at each light, one at a time:

16. Hydrogen Helium Neon Argon Krypton Mercury H 2 O CO 2

18. How do we see colors ? We see when light enters the eye. No light: DON’T SEE ANYTHING. Our brain processes light information two ways: 1) in the “where” system 2)in the “what” system The following examples of visual stimuli demonstrate some of the things we experience because of our color vision.

19. Example #1 The twinkling black spots do not actually exist in the intersections of the gray lines on the next slide. You can discover this by focusing on one particular intersection. The spots appear because of the way the cones and rods in your eyes respond to light.

21. This is easy to read, so you can decide to ignore it very rapidly

22. Very low contrast text is read by the part of the brain which locates objects, the “where” system. As long as the words are easy to recognize, you can read rather rapidly, but recondite or infrequently encountered words seem unfamiliar and have to be read letter-by-letter.

23. This is also hard to read. It jumps around and seems unstable because the “where” system has trouble seeing it. Advertisers use this trick to make you pay attention because you have to slow down and read each individual word.

24. Changing the color of the letters helps a lot

25. This is also hard to read. It jumps around and seems unstable because the “where” system has trouble seeing it. Advertisers use this trick to make you pay attention because you have to slow down and read each individual word. Changing the background color also helps a lot

26. This is hard to read even though each individual letter is easy to see, so you have to pay a lot of attention in order to read it.

29. Why do things like this happen ?

30. When light enters the eye.. Light from some source strikes the eye Passes through the CORNEA Amount let in controlled by the IRIS which adjusts the opening of the PUPIL The light is focused by the LENS, passes through some “transparent stuff” and strikes the RETINA. It is absorbed, creating an electrical signal which is sent by the optic nerve to the brain where it is perceived as an image.

31. COLOR VISION ONLY EXISTS IN THE BRAIN Biology connection: Color is not something “real” or “special” about the visible spectrum. Most species do not see color. We see color because of the way our eyes are built..... and the way our brain interprets what we see.

32. How do we see the different colors? Occurs because of the construction of the retina. The retina is composed of millions of photoreceptor cells called “rods” and “cones”.

33. rods Can not distinguish energies (see color) Can only sense brightness. Extremely sensitive to dim light. Are use to identify object location using the “where” portion of the brain perceptual processing centers. The way rods work are behind the checker board pattern illusion.

34. rods Do not detect “edges” well: so are not very useful in reading. ( Large pixels) Used to see at night. Helpful in looking at stars. Quite sensitive to peripheral motion.

35. Testing rods... Z A M G N Q S W T R H O Y J G V A P L B M K F Q U D W T P Y C B

36. cones Function only under bright light conditions (takes a lot of photons). Cones can distinguish different photon energies. Very sensitive to edges; good focus. VERY Small pixels About 3 million packed in fovea, center part of the retina. Fovea is where image is formed when we look at something.

37. How does color vision work? Three kinds of cones: about 3 million in the fovea. “Blue” cones = about 1 % The rest are “Green” and “Red” Each type of cone is sensitive to a range of energies (what we call “colors”)

38. BLUE cones GREEN cones RED cones The VISIBLE LIGHT spectrum

39. Basic understanding All of the “colors” of the rainbow actually exist in an energy sense. But because of the way our eyes work : 1. we can see yellow when we see yellow or 2. we can “see yellow” when only the colors red and green are both present at the same time....

41. At night, we see the higher energy photons much better that during the daytime

42. What are the PRIMARY COLORS ? Based on the way the human eye works we synthesize “colors” in our brain. The human mind creates our color palate. In practice, it only takes three colors: BLUE GREEN RED to “see” all of the colors known to humans. Primary colors of light

44. Examples of 3 color process: Called “color by addition”: adding colors of light. Television sets and computer monitors: all are “RGB” Works for all SOURCES OF LIGHT. Remember that each type of cone “SEES” more than a single shade of color.

45. Primary colors of light BLUE GREEN RED

46. Secondary colors are formed by addition of primary colors BLUE GREEN RED MAGENTA YELLOW CYAN

47. White formed by addition of all three primary colors BLUE RED GREEN WHITE

48. White also formed by addition of all three secondary colors MAGENTA CYAN YELLOW WHITE

49. Color of light relationships BLUE GREEN RED MAGENTA YELLOW CYAN WHITE

51. PRIMARY and SECONDARY colors for pigments Works for all materials which control color by absorption Seeing REFLECTED light. Seeing TRANSMITTED light.

52. Pigments (paint, ink, filters) DEFINE: Primary colors of pigment Absorb only one primary color of light. YELLOWabsorbs onlyBLUE CYANabsorbs onlyRED MAGENTAabsorbs onlyGREEN

53. Pigments (paint, ink, filters) DEFINE: Secondary colors of pigment Absorb two primary colors of light. BLUE absorbs bothRED and GREEN RED absorbs bothBLUE and GREEN GREEN absorbs bothRED and BLUE

54. What is IMPORTANT: ASK: What colors are eliminated from the light source ? When any light hits a page, some of the light is absorbed. The rest is reflected into your eye. The color you see is based on the reflected colors that enter your eye.

55. Comparison of PRIMARY colors EMISSION BLUE RED GREEN REFLECTION or TRANSMISSION YELLOW MAGENTA CYAN

56. Comparison of SECONDARY colors REFLECTION OR TRANSMISSION BLUE RED GREEN EMISSION YELLOW MAGENTA CYAN

57. Filters and slides Theater filters are used to eliminate colors from white. Slide projectors and movie film is designed to eliminate colors from white. Some glasses are designed to eliminate colors from white. Colored glass also eliminates colors from white.

59. EXAMPLES of color by subtraction COLOR SLIDES Photographic printing, magazines, computer printers, newspapers.

60. Three basic ways to see color: Color by emission : the object emits colors of light. Color by transmission: a filter absorbs some colors while letting others pass through Color by reflection: pigment absorbs some colors while letting others reflect off.

61. In order to observe all “human” colors, you must have a “white light source”. IMPORTANT CONCLUSION

62. What you THINK you see vs. what is REALLY THERE

63. EXAMPLE: You can “see” yellow two different ways: 1. When only YELLOW LIGHT is present: it stimulates both red and green cones. ONLY YELLOW LIGHT is really present. 2. When the RIGHT AMOUNT of both RED and GREEN are present It APPEARS to be YELLOW but only RED and GREEN are actually being seen.

64. Key question: What color(s) of light are actually entering your eye? To see a particular color, the right colors of light have to (1) be present and (2) entering the eye to stimulate the cones by the right amount. You CAN NOT see a color that isn’t present in the light SOURCE.

65. One More Reason Why Physics is Better Than Drugs Sunset on Maui