1. CMGPD-LN Substantive Lecture Day 6 Marriage and Reproduction

2. Marriage and Reproduction in Comparison East/West differences in marriage and reproduction East, including China: – Early, universal marriage for women In China, later and non-universal marriage for men – Relatively slow pace of childbearing after marriage Northwest Europe – Late marriage for men and women Some non-marriage – Very rapid childbearing after marriage

4. Marriage and Remarriage in China Marriage timing/proportions married – Not much variation in female timing For CMGPD-LN, female proportions married requires life table analysis – More variation in male timing Thus more to analyze Assortative mating – Important question, but hard to do with the CMGPD- LN – Information about females does have surname and age Variant forms of marriage – Some concubinage in data, but not much – See work by Arthur Wolf and colleagues on Taiwan

5. Females proportion married by region

6. Females proportion married By population type

7. Males proportion married By region

8. Males proportion married By population type

9. Table 2. Male First Marriage in Liaoning and Shuangcheng, 1789-1909 (controlled for age and time period.) Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanexp(B)P Marriage by next register0.1990.071 Population Type Regular0.802Reference Specialized0.1321.1040.00 Low0.0660.9470.05 Shuangcheng Jingqi0.119Reference Tunding0.881 1.149 0.00 Geographical region Northern Liaoning0.353Reference Central Liaoning0.3060.8430.00 South-central Liaoning0.1980.9930.70 Southern Liaoning0.1430.9980.91 Parental survival Both parents alive0.586Reference0.631Reference Father alive, mother dead0.1040.9460.010.0870.9430.15 Mother alive, father dead0.1710.9930.710.1771.0420.17 Both parents dead0.1390.7500.000.1050.8570.00

10. Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanexp(B)P Household characteristics Father is head0.5281.0050.700.4041.1260.00 # adult males in household4.7161.0080.005.8120.9820.00 # older married brothers0.5351.0840.000.6841.0360.00 # older unmarried brothers0.2750.6210.000.3530.5390.00 # unmarried older sisters0.0350.9000.000.1320.9270.04 # younger brothers0.5621.0820.000.8081.0140.26 # younger sisters0.0281.1270.000.1141.0960.00 Socioeconomic status Father is artisan0.0081.3650.00 Father is soldier0.0331.1120.010.0410.9350.28 Father is higher official0.0091.2040.000.0221.2730.00 Father has an exam title0.0081.2690.000.0080.9260.56 Father has a purchased title0.0251.0140.02 # brothers with position0.0121.0660.150.0161.3280.00 # brothers with exam titles0.0021.0680.540.0040.9991.00 # uncles with position0.0791.0260.200.0741.0040.92 # uncles with exam titles0.0121.1530.000.0091.3060.01 # cousins with position0.0230.9700.360.0111.1420.13 # cousins with exam titles0.0041.1810.030.0030.9930.97 Artisan0.0002.0110.01 Soldier0.0021.2700.090.0012.0450.00 Higher official0.0011.7720.000.0002.6880.00 Exam title0.0011.8240.000.0001.4140.55 Purchased title0.0021.0060.77

11. Table 3. Female First Marriage in Liaoning and Shuangcheng, 1789-1909 (controlled for age and time period.) Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanexp(B)p Marriage by next register0.3200.084 Population category RegularReference Specialized0.0431.2460.00 Low0.0581.4380.00 Shuangcheng Jingqi0.262Reference Tunding0.738 1.5060.00 Geographical region Northern Liaoning0.282Reference Central Liaoning0.5341.0040.90 South-central Liaoning0.1130.9400.25 Southern Liaoning0.0710.6800.00 Parental survival Both parents alive0.760Reference0.709Reference Father alive, mother dead0.0941.1720.000.0901.0610.31 Mother alive, father dead0.1411.1270.010.1461.1560.00 Both parents dead0.0501.3930.000.0551.2930.00

12. Table 3. Female First Marriage in Liaoning and Shuangcheng, 1789-1909 (controlled for age and time period.) Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanexp(B)p Household characteristics Father is head0.5801.0100.760.5371.0160.68 # adult males in household4.1371.0040.454.2620.9990.80 # older married brothers0.5100.9880.410.5761.0110.04 # older unmarried brothers0.2580.8960.000.3271.0190.54 # unmarried older sisters0.1670.7130.000.2140.8280.00 # younger brothers0.2771.0000.990.3401.0100.69 # younger sisters0.8021.0590.010.9141.0710.00 Socioeconomic status Father is artisan0.0250.9040.29 Father is soldier0.1630.8340.000.0700.7630.00 Father is higher official0.0300.7430.000.0640.7900.00 Father has an exam title0.0330.8500.080.0150.5550.00 Father has a purchased title0.0810.9870.330.0150.9550.56 # brothers with position0.0641.0240.680.0320.8800.52 # brothers with exam titles0.0170.7000.010.0060.8420.00 # uncles with position0.2700.9540.100.1281.2990.14 # uncles with exam titles0.0450.9360.330.0100.9790.83 # cousins with position0.0700.9810.670.0200.6760.15 # cousins with exam titles0.0121.0910.48

13. Table 4. Widower Remarriage in Liaoning and Shuangcheng, 1789-1909 (controlled for age and time period.) Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanexp(B)P Remarriage by next register0.0800.051 Duration of widowhood (Reference: 0-2 years) Widowed 3-9 years0.4161.0470.590.4800.9920.94 Widowed 10+ years0.5210.6960.000.2920.7300.03 Population category RegularReference Specialized0.0981.0780.36 Low0.0680.9480.60 Shuangcheng Jingqi0.123Reference Tunding (Ref.)0.8770.8090.08 Geographical regions Northern Liaoning0.444Reference Central Liaoning0.3031.0530.39 South-central Liaoning0.1651.1050.17 Southern Liaoning0.0881.3680.00

14. Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanexp(B)P Household Characteristics Parental survival Both parents alive0.081Reference0.118Reference Father alive, mother dead0.0760.7300.000.0550.7240.04 Mother alive, father dead0.1420.7790.000.2100.8260.10 Both parents dead0.7010.5730.000.6170.6000.00 # sons1.0010.9790.431.0901.2040.00 # adult males in household4.1210.9930.375.4880.9910.43 # older married brothers0.5011.0510.001.5371.0160.04 # older unmarried brothers0.0440.8280.050.0860.7330.03 # unmarried older sisters0.0012.1160.080.0001.9780.50 # younger brothers0.8680.9820.401.1080.8510.00 # younger sisters0.0091.1320.320.0311.2290.08 Socioeconomic Status # brothers with position0.0251.3330.010.0471.3210.07 # brothers with exam titles0.0021.7920.040.0031.1520.78 # cousins with position0.0351.0190.830.0210.6500.15 # cousins with exam titles0.0051.5120.040.0072.2200.03 Artisan0.0061.7580.05 Soldier0.0122.7650.000.0211.3670.14 Higher official0.0033.5560.000.0134.0920.00 Exam title0.0023.0540.000.0012.1930.07 Purchased title0.0110.9700.45

15. Table 5. Widow Remarriage in Liaoning and Shuangcheng, 1789-1909 (controlled for age and time period.) Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanExp(B)P Remarriage by next register0.0130.006 Duration of widowhood (Reference: 0-2 years) Widowed 3-9 years0.4270.7900.080.4880.9110.65 Widowed 10+ years0.4680.6310.010.3080.7140.28 Population category RegularReference Specialized0.1221.1460.46 Low0.0680.5260.03 Shuangcheng Jingqi0.158Reference Tunding (Ref.)0.8420.8470.48 Geographical regions Northern Liaoning0.375Reference Central Liaoning0.2880.7920.06 South-central Liaoning0.2010.3190.00 Southern Liaoning0.1360.2300.00

16. Shuangcheng Meanexp(B)pMeanExp(B)P Household characteristics Parental survival Both parents-in-law alive0.069Reference0.067Reference Father-in-law alive, mother-in law dead0.0411.4710.070.0270.5930.29 Mother-in-law alive, father-in-law dead0.1380.9780.900.1350.9690.90 Both parents-in-law dead0.7521.0250.880.7710.8660.57 # of sons1.4880.6440.001.6650.4640.00 # Adult Males in Household3.6210.9680.084.4260.9680.19 # older married brothers-in-law1.1130.9240.001.1920.9730.21 # older unmarried brothers-in-law0.0881.4500.000.0621.3250.10 # younger brothers-in-law0.3780.8960.210.3141.0360.75 # younger sisters-in-law0.0110.7930.490.0171.0530.80 Socioeconomic Status # brothers-in-law with position0.0420.5630.170.0340.8260.68 # cousins-in-law with position0.0330.2450.040.0121.1880.78 # cousins-in-law with exam titles0.0091.8510.18 Husband was soldier0.0360.3340.060.0360.4930.23 Husband was higher official0.0071.0100.99 Husband had exam title0.0071.2450.99 Husband had purchased title0.0120.7810.99

17. Reproduction Major questions Was age-specific marital fertility lower in China than in the West? – Now seems to be broad agreement that it was Was fertility related to economic conditions, household circumstances, family context? – Also seems to be broad agreement that it was Remaining question: was fertility behavior deliberate? – Or just a side-effect of other behaviors like migration, etc.? See Campbell, Cameron and James Lee. 2010. "Fertility control in historical China revisited: New methods for an old debate." History of the Family. 15:370- 385. doi:10.1016/j.hisfam.2010.09.003.